scholarly journals Ichtyopathology in Poland: Past, present, future

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Terech-Majewska ◽  
Joanna Pajdak ◽  
Jan Siemionek ◽  
Wojciech Szweda
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Fish Disease ◽  
Fish Diseases ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Veterinary Laboratory

The aim of the study was to present the history of ichtyopathology in Poland and the main achievements of researchers who developed this discipline. The pioneer of ichtyopathological research in Poland was the ichtyologist prof. Teodor Spiczakov, founder of the first Fish Diseases Laboratory at the Jagiellonian University (JU) and initiator of fishery veterinary service. After the Second World War, dr Stanisław F. Śnieszko, a researcher from JU, established a laboratory in the United States, renamed the National Fisheries Center in 1977. In writing about the beginnings of ichthyopathology in Poland, one must also mention prof. Bronisław Kocyłowski, founder and head of the Department of Fish Diseases at PIW in Puławy and lecturer at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) and Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin. Prof. Eugeniusz Grabda also contributed to the development of ichtyopathology. He headed the Inland Fisheries Institute (IFI), Fish Disease Laboratory and the Department of Ichthyology with the Department of Fish Diseases at the Fishery Department of the Academy of Agriculture and Technology (AAT) in Olsztyn and co-founded the Department of Marine Fisheries at the Agricultural Academy and the Department of Fish Diseases in Szczecin. In Żabieniec near Warsaw, IFI established a new Ichtiohygiene Division, renamed the Division of Pathology and Fish Immunology, formerly headed by prof. Maria Studnicka and now by prof. Andrzej K. Siwicki. Veterinary inspection in Poland is conducted by the Fish Diseases Laboratory at ZHW under the substantive supervision of the National Veterinary Research Institute & National Reference Laboratories at Fish Diseases Unit in Puławy, headed by prof. Jerzy Antychowicz. Currently the Unit is the National Reference Laboratory for the diagnostics of diseases of aquaculture animals, run by prof. Michal Reichert. Prof. J. Antychowicz and dr. Jan Żelazny taught for many years at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the WULS in Warsaw and at AAT in Olsztyn. The Polish Academy of Sciences has a Department of Ichtiopatology and Fishery Management in Gołysz, headed by prof. Andrzej Pilarczyk, who studies the biological basis of fish farming. “Fish diseases” is a mandatory subject at faculties of veterinary medicine in Poland, and every graduate of veterinary medicine possesses a basic knowledge in this field. The Division of Fish Diseases and Biology in Lublin has been operating since 1963 and for many years was headed by prof. Maria Prost, an authority on the parasitology of fish. The current head of the Division is prof. Antonina Sopińska. The Division of Hygiene Veterinary Laboratory and Fish Diseases Laboratory (later Division of Ichtyopathology) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University af Environmental and Life Sciences were previously headed by prof. Zbigniew Jara, and now by dr Wiktor Niemczuk. At the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, prof. Andrzej K. Siwicki and dr Elżbieta Terech-Majewska run the Fish Disease Laboratory and Veterinary Laboratory for Diagnostics of Fish, Amphibians and Reptiles, carry out scientific research, teach and cooperate with fish farmers.

scholarly journals Contributions of Liquid-Based (Papanicolaou) Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing in Cotesting for Detection of Cervical Cancer and Precancer in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey W Kaufman ◽  
Damian P Alagia ◽  
Zhen Chen ◽  
Agnieszka Onisko ◽  
R Marshall Austin
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
Liquid Based Cytology ◽  
Cervical Precancer

Abstract Objectives Given the recent debate challenging the contribution of cytology in cervical screening, we evaluated results of liquid-based cytology (LBC) and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in cotesting preceding cervical cancer (CxCa) and precancer diagnoses in a national, heterogeneous population. Methods We assessed the results of cotesting, performed by Quest Diagnostics, in 13,633,071 women 30 years and older, tested 2010 to 2018. Cotest results preceding CxCa or precancer diagnoses were analyzed and stratified by histopathology. Results Among all screening results, 1,615 cotests preceded 1,259 CxCa diagnoses, and 11,164 cotests preceded 8,048 cervical precancer diagnoses. More women who were subsequently diagnosed with CxCa within 1 year were identified by the LBC result than by the HPV result (85.1%, 1,015/1,193 vs 77.5%, 925/1,193). Among all women with CxCa, the overall rate of nondetection was 13.1% (212/1,615) for cotesting results (LBC negative/HPV negative) and this rate increased substantially when testing exceeded 12 months compared to within 1 year prediagnosis of either CxCa or precancer. Conclusions Analysis of 9-year cotest results from a national reference laboratory confirms the value of LBC element in cotesting. This supports that LBC/HPV cotesting enhances screening for the identification of CxCa in women 30 years and older, more so than LBC or HPV alone within cotesting.

Political sophistication

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Παύλος Βασιλόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Political Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Information ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Political Sophistication

This dissertation is concerned with the concept of political sophistication, referring to the extent and organization of a person’s stored political cognition (Luskin 1987).Available empirical evidence on the levels of political sophistication in mass publics comes almost exclusively from the United States and point to two broad conclusions: First, systematic empirical research has demonstrated that political information in the mass public is particularly low (Converse 1964, Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996). Citizens lack basic knowledge over political affairs. Time and again empirical studies have systematically showed that citizens in the United States and elsewhere fall short of passing even the most rudimentary political knowledge tests. This finding that was first illustrated by the Michigan school in the early 1960s (Campbell et al. 1960) resulted in a wide pessimism over the meaning of public opinion and even of representative democracy (Inglehart 1985).The second broad conclusion is that the politically sophisticated and unsophisticated differ: Political sophisticates have the cognitive capacity to translate their deeper held political values and predispositions into consistent political attitudes (Zaller 1992). They are able to use their political knowledge in order to make informed vote choices in the sense that they accurately adjust their political positions to the parties’ platforms (Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996, Lau and Redlawsk 1997, 2006). What is more, they are more likely to participate in elections and other political activities and are less susceptible to political propaganda (Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996).However the idea that political sophistication matters for the quality of the public’s political decision-making has met strong theoretical and methodological criticism by the ‘low information rationality’ perspective (Popkin 1991, Lupia 1994,Graber 2001). This group of theories argues that politically inattentive citizens can form their political judgment on the basis of heuristics that allow them to make reasonable choices reflecting their predispositions and interests even though they lack political knowledge.The principal aims of this thesis are: a)to compare different measurement perspectives on political sophistication and assess their methodological potential especially in regard with comparative research on political knowledgeb)to explore the extent to which the pattern of ignorance that has been repeatedly highlighted in the American literature is an internal characteristic of political behavior stemming from the low expected utility of acquiring political information or it is subject to particular cultural and systemic characteristics. To this direction I use Greece as a case study by undertaking an analytical survey of political sophistication, one of the very few that have been conducted across the Atlantic.c)The third aim is to investigate the determinants of political sophistication and especially the potential of the mass media in political learning and in the context of the Greek political and media system.d)d) Finally this thesis addresses the unresolved question concerning the differences in quality of political decisions between the political sophisticated and unsophisticated layers of the public by evaluating the explanatory potential of two competing theories (political sophistication v. low information rationality) in the multi-party political environment of Greece

scholarly journals Laboratory capacity of Greek hospitals for diagnosis of salmonellosis and surveillance systems’ performance in the years of economic crisis, 2010–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mellou ◽  
E. Saranti-Papasaranti ◽  
G. Mandilara ◽  
T. Georgakopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
National Reference Laboratory ◽  
Notification System ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Laboratory Capacity ◽  
Mandatory Notification

AbstractAusterity might have affected the capacity of public hospitals in Greece to diagnose salmonellosis (laboratory capacity) over the period 2010–2016, as well as the performance of the existing surveillance systems. The scope of this paper is to present data on laboratory capacity over these years, as well as the results of a two-source capture-recapture study (data from Mandatory Notification System and National Reference Laboratory System for Salmonella). The main findings were that: (a) laboratory capacity was high and steady besides the financial crisis, (b) the estimated number of laboratory-confirmed cases (n = 6017, 95% CI 5892–6142) resulted in an incidence rate (7.9 cases/100 000 population) almost twice than that reported by the two systems Mandatory Notification System (MNS); 4.1 and National Reference Laboratory System (NRLS); 4.5 cases/100 000 population, (c) underreporting was high for both systems (MNS; 47.5% and NRLS; 42.8%) and (d) differences by geographical region, size and type of hospital were identified. We suggest that (a) specific interventions are needed to increase completeness of the systems by type of hospital and geographical region, (b) record linkage can help in estimating the disease burden in a more valid way than each system separately and (c) a common electronic database in order to feed one system to the other could significantly increase completeness of both systems.

scholarly journals Macrolide-resistant phenotypes of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1382
Author(s):  
Ina Gajic ◽  
Natasa Opavski ◽  
Vera Mijac ◽  
L. Ranin
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
National Reference ◽  
The Past ◽  
Triple Test ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has emerged as an important worldwide problem over the past decade. The aim of this study was to investigate macrolide-resistant phenotypes and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of invasive pneumococci in Serbia. A total of 68 invasive pneumococcal strains, collected from 2009 to 2011, were sent from regional laboratories to the National Reference Laboratory. Susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK2 system and phenotypes were determined by triple-test. Overall penicillin and erythromycin nonsusceptibility rates were 26% and 43%, respectively. Resistance rates were higher in children than in adults. Co-resistance to penicillin and erythromycin was detected in 18% strains. Resistance rates to the third generation of cephalosporins, TMP-SXT and tetracycline were 16%, 37% and 29%, respectively. All isolates were fully susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, fluoroquinolones, telithromycin and rifampicin. Twenty-two isolates (79%) an expressed macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotype and M phenotype was found in 21% of macrolide resistant strains.

scholarly journals Higher Education Outcomes at the National Level on the Example of the Project “Collegiate Learning Assessment”

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Sabelnikova ◽  
N.L. Khmeleva
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Learning Assessment ◽  
Higher Education Outcomes ◽  
Analytic Reasoning ◽  
Collegiate Learning Assessment

We discuss the interpretation of the concept of “learning outcomes”. Theoretical analysis widely represents the interpretations of the learning outcomes of a high school student: academic skills: understanding, application of knowledge to solve problems, synthesis, analysis and evaluation; basic skills and basic knowledge, and skills of a higher order and advanced knowledge; skills of a higher order represented as a system of critical thinking, analytic reasoning, problem solving and written communication; wide abilities interpreted as verbal, quantitative and spatial thinking, understanding, problem solving and decision making. We conclude that each considered approach distinguishes meta-subjective skills, i.e. skills to interact with the quality of information regardless of the context. The ability to measure the meta-skills is discussed on an example of the “Collegiate learning assessment”, realized in the United States.

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