THE ROLE OF 3D CT IN THE EVALUATION OF MIDDLE EAR ANOMALIES

Abstract Purpose Cleft palate children have a higher incidence of otitis media with effusion, more frequent recurrent acute otitis media episodes, and worse conductive hearing losses than non-cleft children. Nevertheless, data on adenoidectomy for middle ear disease in this patient group are scarce, since many feared worsening of velopharyngeal insufficiency after the procedure. This review aims at collecting the available evidence on this subject, to frame possible further areas of research and interventions. Methods A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was performed. Multiple databases were searched with criteria designed to include all studies focusing on the role of adenoidectomy in treating middle ear disease in cleft palate children. After duplicate removal, abstract and full-text selection, and quality assessment, we reviewed eligible articles for clinical indications and outcomes. Results Among 321 unique citations, 3 studies published between 1964 and 1972 (2 case series and a retrospective cohort study) were deemed eligible, with 136 treated patients. The outcomes were positive in all three articles in terms of conductive hearing loss improvement, recurrent otitis media episodes reduction, and effusive otitis media resolution. Conclusion Despite promising results, research on adenoidectomy in treating middle ear disease in the cleft population has stopped in the mid-Seventies. No data are, therefore, available on the role of modern conservative adenoidectomy techniques (endoscopic and/or partial) in this context. Prospective studies are required to define the role of adenoidectomy in cleft children, most interestingly in specific subgroups such as patients requiring re-tympanostomy, given their known risk of otologic sequelae.

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Congenital Middle Ear Anomalies

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America ◽

10.1016/s0030-6665(20)33066-8 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 291-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Isamu Sando ◽

Raymond P. Wood II

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Ear Anomalies

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Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7868

Author(s):

Su Young Jung ◽

Dokyoung Kim ◽

Dong Choon Park ◽

Sung Soo Kim ◽

Tong In Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tract Infection ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

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Antibacterial Therapy and Middle Ear Effusions

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/00034894760850s246 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 250-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul A. Shurin

Keyword(s):

Drug Therapy ◽

Effective Treatment ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Middle Ear Effusion ◽

Prolonged Administration ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Acute Attacks ◽

Ear Effusion

Antimicrobial drugs chosen for their activity against the causative pathogens of otitis media provide effective treatment for acute attacks. Prolonged administration of some of these agents has recently been shown to be of value in the prevention of symptomatic otitis. The role of drug therapy in the management of chronic or recurrent middle ear effusion is unknown at present.

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Role of the Round Window Membrane in Middle Ear Immune Responses

Acta Oto-Laryngologica ◽

10.3109/00016488809138897 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 105 (sup457) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. M. Keithley ◽

A. F. Ryan ◽

J. P. Harris

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Round Window ◽

Round Window Membrane

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The role of middle ear muscles in the development of resistance to noise induced hearing loss

Hearing Research ◽

10.1016/0378-5955(94)90172-4 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 74 (1-2) ◽

pp. 22-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Donald Henderson ◽

Malini Subramaniam ◽

Martin Papazian ◽

Vlasta P. Spongr

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Noise Induced Hearing Loss ◽

Development Of Resistance

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Bacterial biofilm adherence to middle-ear ventilation tubes: scanning electron micrograph images and literature review

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215107008870 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 121 (10) ◽

pp. 993-997 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

M Barakate ◽

E Beckenham ◽

J Curotta ◽

M da Cruz

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Electron Micrograph ◽

Ventilation Tube ◽

Scanning Electron Micrograph ◽

Chronic Infections ◽

Middle Ear Ventilation ◽

Conventional Antibiotics ◽

Scanning Electron

Introduction: The organisms that cause many device-related and other chronic infections actually grow in biofilms in or on these devices. We sought to examine the role of biofilm formation in chronic middle-ear ventilation tube infection.Case report: Scanning electron micrograph images are presented which demonstrate biofilm on a middle-ear ventilation tube removed from a five-year-old child's chronically discharging ear. A review of the relevant international literature explores the role of biofilms in chronic infection and discusses potential intervention strategies.Conclusion: Biofilms may be responsible for chronic middle-ear ventilation tube infection that resists treatment with conventional antibiotics.

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Relationship between Acute Suppurative Otitis Media and Chronic Secretory Otitis Media: Role of Antibiotics

Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine ◽

10.1177/014107688407700909 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 77 (9) ◽

pp. 754-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Robert Mills ◽

Ann Uttley ◽

Michelle McIntyre

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

Secretory Otitis Media ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Suppurative Otitis Media ◽

In Vitro Sensitivity ◽

Resistance To Penicillin

A total of 204 chronic middle ear effusions from 122 children have been studied. Bacteria were isolated from 30 effusions. The commonest species found were Strep. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. These are also the commonest organisms causing acute otitis media (AOM). A similar pattern of serotypes was also demonstrated. In vitro sensitivity testing showed that most of the organisms isolated were sensitive to most commonly-used antibiotics. The main exception was resistance to penicillin amongst strains of H. influenzae and Staph. aureus. It is suggested that some cases of chronic secretory otitis media (SOM) may arise as a result of incomplete resolution of AOM and that the use of penicillin to treat AOM may be one factor in this process.

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