Anti-microbial resistant in Gram-negative bacteria bacillus: Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacilli isolated at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali

Background: β-lactams and carbapenems. are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). Results: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). Conclusion: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins ß-talactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillus were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.

Anti-microbial resistant in Gram-negative bacteria bacillus: Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenting bacilli isolated at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali

Background: β-lactams and carbapenems. are the major antibiotics used to treat gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacilli. However, the increasing production of β-lactamase and carbapenemase limits the therapeutic options. Our study aims to determine the resistant phenotypes of these bacteria while describing their epidemiological aspect. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by consecutive enrollment from January 2018 to December 2019 at Sominé DOLO Hospital of Mopti, Mali. We performed manual method for bacteria culture, identification and antibiotics sensitivity testing. The antibiotics sensitivity testing was accessed by the diffusion method according to CA-SFM/EUCAST (“Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie” / European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) recommendations V1.0 february 2018 and V2.0 may 2019 2019 V.2.0. May recommendation released in 2019. Data were analyzed by software R 4.0.3 GUI 1.73 Catalina build (7892). Results: At all 904 samples were included in this study. Out of the 904 cultures, 297 sample (32.85%) were positive. The rates of enzymes production were as follow: Extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) 56.42% (101/179), cepholosporinase hyperproduction (HCASE) 15.64% (28/179), cephalosporinase production (CASE) 6.14% (11/179), penicillinase hyperproduction (HP) 5.58% (10/179), carbapenemase production (CP) 6.14% (11/179) and savage strains 10.05% (18/179). Conclusion: Our data showed a high prevalence of resistance to β-lactamins ß-talactamins and carbapenemes in gram-negative bacteria and non-fermenting bacillus bacilli. The A high level of β-lactamase and carbapenemase production by gram negative bacillus were also reported by others authors calls for the rational use of antibiotic in hospital setting.

Evaluation of Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infection and Their Sensitivity Pattern

Background: UTI constitute a major public health problem in India accounting 2nd most common infection next to respiratory tract infection. They are responsible for increasing treatment cost and significant morbidity.Aim:-To determine the incidence of UTI, evaluation of pathogens responsible and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in the population.Methods:Urine samples were collected from 300 patients attending the OPD Patna medical college, Patna during the period of 18 months (January 2017 to June 2018) Antimicrobial sensitivity testing was done for the bacterial isolates present in the sample by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. Only those samples were taken into consideration which develops count equal to or greater than 1*105CFU/ml as indicated by Kass.Results:Out of 300 samples collected 146 (48.66%)) yielded bacterial growth. Out of 146 culture isolates E.Coli was the most common pathogen followed by klebsiella, CoNS and staphylococcus. Antibiotic sensitivity was performed on all the isolates. It was observed that highest sensitivity was 49.31% to amikacin, gentamycin (45.89%), nitrofurantoin (38.35%) meropenem (27.39%).Conclusions:It was observed that high grade of resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, cefazolin, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and gentamycin is present as a result of misuse or improper use of antibiotic in the community. Hence urine culture is necessary for the diagnostic screening of UTI before the treatment.

Cutaneous Sensitivity Across Regions of the Foot Sole and Dorsum are Influenced by Foot Posture

Understanding the processing of tactile information is crucial for the development of biofeedback interventions that target cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Mechanics of the skin have been shown to influence cutaneous tactile sensitivity. It has been established that foot skin mechanics are altered due to foot posture, but whether these changes affect cutaneous sensitivity are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect of posture-mediated skin deformation about the ankle joint on perceptual measures of foot skin sensitivity. Participants (N = 20) underwent perceptual skin sensitivity testing on either the foot sole (N = 10) or dorsum (N = 10) with the foot positioned in maximal dorsiflexion/toe extension, maximal plantarflexion/toe flexion, and a neutral foot posture. Perceptual tests included touch sensitivity, stretch sensitivity, and spatial acuity. Regional differences in touch sensitivity were found across the foot sole (p < 0.001) and dorsum (p < 0.001). Touch sensitivity also significantly increased in postures where the skin was compressed (p = 0.001). Regional differences in spatial acuity were found on the foot sole (p = 0.002) but not dorsum (p = 0.666). Spatial acuity was not significantly altered by posture across the foot sole and dorsum, other than an increase in sensitivity at the medial arch in the dorsiflexion posture (p = 0.006). Posture*site interactions were found for stretch sensitivity on the foot sole and dorsum in both the transverse and longitudinal directions (p < 0.005). Stretch sensitivity increased in postures where the skin was pre-stretched on both the foot sole and dorsum. Changes in sensitivity across locations and postures were believed to occur due to concurrent changes in skin mechanics, such as skin hardness and thickness, which follows our previous findings. Future cutaneous biofeedback interventions should be applied with an awareness of these changes in skin sensitivity, to maximize their effectiveness for foot sole and dorsum input.

Signature Construction and Molecular Subtype Identification Based on Pyroptosis-Related Genes for Better Prediction of Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. However, there is a lack of adequate means of treatment prognostication for HCC. Pyroptosis is a newly discovered way of programmed cell death. However, the prognostic role of pyroptosis in HCC has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we generated a novel prognostic signature to evaluate the prognostic value of pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) using the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The accuracy of the signature was validated using survival analysis through the International Cancer Genome Consortium cohort ( n = 231 ) and the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University cohort ( n = 180 ). Compared with other clinical factors, the risk score of the signature was found to be associated with better patient outcomes. The enrichment analysis identified multiple pathways related with pyroptosis in HCC. Furthermore, drug sensitivity testing identified six potential chemotherapeutic agents to provide possible treatment avenues. Interestingly, patients with low risk were confirmed to be associated with lower tumor mutation burden (TMB). However, patients at high risk were found to have a higher count of immune cells. Consensus clustering was performed to identify two main molecular subtypes (named clusters A and B) based on the signature. It was found that compared with cluster B, better survival outcomes and lower TMB were observed in cluster A. In conclusion, signature construction and molecular subtype identification of PRGs could be used to predict the prognosis of HCC, which may provide a specific reference for the development of novel biomarkers for HCC treatment.

Pathogens in exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis differ in sensitivity to silver nanoparticles

Introduction: The significance of the microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not clear. Antimicrobials are recommended in acute exacerbations of the disease (AECRS). Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance stimulate research on alternative therapeutic options including silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), sometimes referred to as “colloidal silver”. However, there are concerns regarding the safety of silver administration and the emergence of silver resistance. In this cross-sectional observational study, we assessed the sensitivity of sinonasal pathogens to AgNPs and compared it with the toxicity of AgNPs for nasal epithelial cells. Method: Negatively charged AgNPs (13±5 nm) were obtained with the use of tannic acid. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the AgNPs were determined for pathogens isolated from patients with AECRS. Cytotoxicity was tested on human nasal epithelial cells line in vitro. Results: 48 clinical isolates and 4 reference strains were included in the study (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter baumanii, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae). The MIC values differed between isolates, even within the same species. All of the strains were sensitive to AgNPs in concentrations nontoxic to human cells during 24 hours exposition. However, 48h exposition to AgNPs increased toxicity to human cells, narrowing their therapeutic window and enabling 19% of pathogens to resist the AgNPs biocidal action. Conclusions: AgNPs can potentially be used in intranasal drugs to treat most episodes of AECRS. Sensitivity testing may be necessary before application. Results of sensitivity testing for reference strains cannot be extrapolated to other strains of the same species.

Correlation of biofilm production with antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from various clinical specimens

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most prevalent nosocomial pathogens that cause a life-threatening infection. One of the important characteristics of P. aeruginosa is biofilm formation which leads to antibiotic resistance. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the antibiotic resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates and correlation with their biofilm-production. Materials and Methods: A total of 87 P. aeruginosa isolates from different clinical specimens were processed and confirmed by conventional microbiological methods as per standard methodology. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done for all isolates. Biofilm producing isolates were identified by the microtiter plate method (MTPM). Results: Of 87 P. aeruginosa isolates, majority were from pus 33 (38%), followed by urine 26 (30%), sputum 19 (22%), body fluids 7 (8%), and blood 2 (2%). Biofilm producing isolates showed more resistance in comparison to non-biofilm producers. The observed difference between biofilm formation for multidrug resistant and susceptible isolates was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: MTPM method was an effective test for detection of biofilm formation and was also able to verify biofilm production by P. aeruginosa. This indicated a higher propensity among the clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm and revealed a positive correlation between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. This indicates the need for testing of even susceptible isolates for virulence factors such as biofilm production.

Contribution of organic bee pollen to the determination of the botanical origin of honey and its impact on its biological properties

Background: Honey is a sweet and flavorful natural product which comes from a lot of nectar of medicinal plants. Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the botanical origin, physicochemical parameters and the antioxidant contents and antibacterial activities of some Algerian honeys. Method: The physico-chemical parameters of the honeys analyzed were measured using the methods established by the European Honey Commission. The antioxidant contents were determined using colorimetric assays, and the antioxidant activities were estimated using reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial activities were measured using sensitivity testing and minimal inhibitory concentration. Results: The majority of the samples analyzed were monofloral honeys (Fabaceae) and other medicinal plant pollens were shown (Asteraceae, Tiliaceae, Myrtaceae and Apiaceae). The physicochemical parameters of the honeys were in accordance with the legislation, and the analyses of proline and HMF confirmed their authenticity. The content of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids ranged from 26 to 159 mg GAE/100 g and 10 to 43 mg EC/100 g, respectively. The analyzed honeys showed variable antioxidant activities that differed from one honey to another, and antibacterial activity tests showed that S. aureus and K. pneumoniae were the most sensitive strains with inhibition zones of 24 to 28 mm and 8 to 35 mm in diameter, respectively. Very high correlations were observed between color, antioxidants and antioxidant activities. Conclusion: This study confirmed the powerful properties of honey to trap free radicals and to inhibit bacterial growth that could be used as a therapeutic agent.

Analytical sensitivity of seven SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests for Omicron variant

The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) requires investigation of a potential impact on diagnostic performance, especially on Antigen-detecting rapid antigenic tests (Ag-RDT). Although anecdotal reports have been circulating that Omicron is in principle detected by several Ag-RDTs, no published data are a yet available for the newly emerged Omicron variant. Here, we have performed an analytical sensitivity testing with cultured virus in seven Ag-RDTs for their sensitivity to Omicron compared to data earlier obtained on VOCs Alpha, Beta Gamma and Delta and a pre-VOC isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Overall, we have found a tendency towards lower sensitivity for Omicron compared to pre-VOC SARS-CoV-2 and the other VOCs across tests. Importantly, while analytical testing with cultured virus may be a proxy for clinical sensitivity, is not a replacement for clinical evaluations which are urgently needed for Ag-RDT performance in Omicron-infected individuals.

Evaluation of a phenotypic, point-of-care solution for the detection and quantitative antibiotic susceptibility testing for lower Urinary Tract Infection

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections seen in primary care. The current standard for the definitive diagnosis of a UTI is culture and sensitivity testing of a mid-stream urine sample at a clinical laboratory; however, this technique is costly, labour intensive and is not directly relevant clinically - typically taking 2-3 days to yield a result. Study design and Objective This is a nonexperimental cross-sectional study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of U-treat, a bioluminescent approach for rapid detection of bacteriuria and quantitative determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of uropathogens in clinical urine specimens - in under an hour. Method The evaluation was carried out in two UK-based Medical Centres using urine samples from patients presenting with symptoms of a UTI (n=249). The U-treat technology is a two test, two reagent process. Test 1 detects the presence of a bacterial UTI > 104 bacteria/mL (5-10 minutes). Test 2 produces quantitative antibiotic susceptibility (<50 minutes). Only urine samples testing positive for bacteria in Test 1 underwent Test 2 (n=82). U-treat results were compared retrospectively against reference laboratory culture and sensitivity findings. The influence of the technology on patient treatment outcomes was also analysed. Results Relative to reference laboratory analysis, Test 1 showed a sensitivity of 97.1% and specificity of 92.0%. (PPV: 89.3%; NPV: 97.8%). Test 2 produced an overall sensitivity (measurement of true susceptibility) of 94.1% (Predictive value: 96%) and an overall specificity (measurement of true resistance) of 90.5% (Predictive value 86.4%). Analysis of treatment data demonstrated that had the physicians had access to U-treat results at the point of care, the percentage of patients treated successfully would have risen from 68.3% to 92.7%. Conclusion U-treat represents the first technology, world-wide, capable of providing UTI treatment data to physicians at the point of care, in less than 60 minutes.