The prevalent age group, cause and site of pediatric facial bone trauma at two tertiary units in Pakistan

Background: The pediatric oro-facial trauma is observed in Indian Subcontinent as well as in developing countries. The school group and teenage group children are frequently involved. Dento-alveolar fractures are common comparative to mandibular fractures whereas middle third of the face is exceedingly rare. The mandible is fractured at variety of sites in pediatric facial trauma. The condylar cartilage, developing permanent teeth and advancing growth, all result in injury at different sites of the mandible and hence the various treatment modalities are required to manage these fractures. In majority, the causes of fractures are accidental falls and road traffic accident (RTA). Method: 141 patients presented at Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Punjab Dental and Children Complex Hospitals, Lahore from September 2003 to December 2005. The age of the patients ranged from infancy to early teenage (>0 years to 15 years) with facial bone injuries. The children were divided into four groups; Group "A " (Infants), Group "B" (Pre-school), Group "C" (School) and Group "D" (Teenage). After initial examination, different radiographs (orthopantomograph, posterioanterior mandible and occipitomentalis views) were utilized to confirm the site and diagnosis. Different treatment modalities depending upon the site, bone involved and age group of the patients were used to manage the fractures. Few patients were managed conservatively. Results: The dento-alveolar trauma was noticed frequently in group "C" and "D" and it is 50.35% of the total facial bone trauma. The cause of the trauma in majority of the patients was by accidental falls. 40 patients were of maxillary dento-alveolar trauma and nine were of mandible. Twenty-two children had bi-maxillary dento-alveolar trauma. It was observed that the maxillary trauma was common in skeletal /dental class II div I cases. The next common bony trauma was of the mandible (45.39%). 50% of total mandibular fractures were from group "C". The site of the fracture in these patien ts was the body of the mandible and frequently associated with mandibular condyles (29%) whereas 9.37% of them had unilateral condylar fractures. This group had the highest frequency of mandibular fractures among facial bone fractures. Group `D` (20.31%) of total mandibular fractures had high male prevalence (80%). Maxillary fractures were 2.83% of the total facial bone trauma. The patients had Le Fort I or high Le Fort I fractures while one patient (presented 15 days after trauma) had Le Fort III fracture. The Le Fort III patient had fall from double story building and had head injury too. Two patients had trauma due to automobile RTA. All patients of maxillary fracture were from early age group "C" and there was no associated mandibular fracture in these patients. Zygomatic fractures were 1.41% of the total facial bone trauma. One patient had fracture from fall (stairs) and other had RTA. Conclusion: The patterns and sites of pediatric facial bone fracture vary within age groups. Majority of facial bone tr auma results in school going and early teenage groups with definite male predominance. Dento-alveolar and mandibular fractures are frequent with negligible mid face fractures. The pediatric facial bone fractures should be managed at their earliest to avoid complications.

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Studies of Cases of Reduced Facial Bone Fractures. The Role of the "Facial Trauma Center".

Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica ◽

10.5631/jibirin.94.899 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 94 (10) ◽

pp. 899-903

Author(s):

Takahiro YAMANISHI ◽

Sumihito KINOSHITA ◽

Yasuaki SADANAGA

Keyword(s):

Trauma Center ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Facial Trauma ◽

Facial Bone

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Frontal Mucocele following Previous Facial Trauma with Hardware Reconstruction

Case Reports in Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1155/2016/4236421 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-2

Author(s):

Megan EuDaly ◽

Chadd K. Kraus

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Motor Vehicle Crash ◽

Facial Trauma ◽

Facial Bone ◽

Vehicle Crash ◽

Frontal Sinuses

Mucoceles are cysts that can develop after facial bone fractures, especially those involving the frontal sinuses. Despite being rare, mucoceles can result in serious delayed sequelae. We present a case of a frontal mucocele that developed two years after extensive facial trauma following a motor vehicle crash (MVC) and review the emergency department (ED) evaluation and treatment of mucocele. Early recognition, appropriate imaging, and an interdisciplinary approach are essential for managing these rare sequelae of facial trauma.

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3-Dimensional Plates Versus Conventional Mini plates in Maxillofacial Trauma- A Review

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4269 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽

pp. 1222-1225

Author(s):

Subhashini Ramasubbu ◽

Shivangi Gaur ◽

Ramvihari Thota ◽

Abdul Wahab P U

Keyword(s):

Bone Fractures ◽

Soft Tissue Injury ◽

Nasal Bone ◽

Maxillofacial Trauma ◽

Mandibular Fractures ◽

Facial Bone ◽

Facial Bones ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Maxillomandibular Fixation ◽

Wire Osteosynthesis

Maxillofacial trauma is any physical injury to the facial bones. Facial bones are frequently fractured bones in RTA, Assault, Domestic violence etc. Facial trauma includes Maxillary fractures, Mandibular fractures, Orbital Fractures, Nasal Bone Fractures, soft tissue injury such as lacerations, bruises etc. Over the years, there are many refinements in the management of maxillofacial trauma. The incidence of maxillofacial trauma is more in males because they are involved in more physical activities and assault compared to women. In Older times for facial bone fractures, surgeons performed maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis for minimum three weeks to 6 weeks, and mouth opening was difficult, poor oral hygiene leading to periodontal problems, difficulty in speech and masticatory functions. The management of maxillofacial trauma includes the use of Maxillomandibular fixation using wire osteosynthesis, conventional mini plates and 3-D plates. For the management of facial bone fractures, Maxillofacial surgeons perform open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF) whenever needed. In the case of ORIF, Surgeons use mini plates either 3D or Conventional Plates for stabilising the fractured segments. This technique requires skill and experience and is also expensive. The advantages of this method are improved quality of life. The objective of this review is to compare 3-Dimensional plates and Conventional Plates in Maxillofacial trauma.

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Maxillofacial Bone Fractures in Children and Adolescents: Overview of 247 Cases in a Major Referral Hospital, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction ◽

10.1177/1943387520952680 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194338752095268

Author(s):

John Spencer Daniels ◽

Ibrahim Albakry ◽

Ramat Oyebunmi Braimah ◽

Mohammed Ismail Samara

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Treatment Modality ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Age Group ◽

Facial Bone ◽

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽

Male Predominance ◽

Fractures In Children ◽

Maxillofacial Fractures

Study Design: A retrospective study investigating maxillofacial bone fractures in the pediatric and adolescent population. Objective: The aim of this study was to present our experience in the management of pediatric facial bone fractures. Methods: This was a retrospective study of maxillofacial bone fractures in children and adolescents between the ages <1 year and 19 years in a Saudi Arabian subpopulation. Data collected include demographics, etiology, pattern, and treatment of maxillofacial bone fractures. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Version 25 (IBM Corp.). Results were presented as simple frequencies and descriptive statistics. Results: Of the 1297 patients with maxillofacial bone fractures, 247 were cases involving children and adolescents giving a prevalence of 19.0% (247 patients, N = 1297). There were 233 males and 14 females with an M:F ratio of 16.6:1. The ages ranged from 9 months to 19 years with a mean ± SD of 14.4 ± 4.6. The age-group between 16 and 20 years had the highest frequency of patients (144 (58.4%)). In the 1- to 5-year group, falls accounted for most of the etiology (15 (6.1%)), while in the 16- to 20-year group, motor vehicular accident (MVA) was the main reason (120 (48.6%)). The majority of the fractures occurred in the mandible with 151(61.1%) cases. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were the main treatment modality in 171 (69.2%) patients. Conclusions: MVA was the main etiology of maxillofacial fractures in children and adolescents with male predominance, while the mandible had been the most frequently fractured bone. ORIF was the main treatment modality.

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Surgical correction of facial bone fractures by means of Le Fort type osteotomy: A summary of sixteen cases

Japanese Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

10.5794/jjoms.25.132 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 132-144

Author(s):

Shun OHTA ◽

Sadao TAJIMA ◽

Shiro KAWACHI ◽

Yohko KIDA

Keyword(s):

Bone Fractures ◽

Surgical Correction ◽

Facial Bone ◽

Le Fort

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Penetrating Injuries of the Face

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/019459989611500519 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 464-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Amy Y. Chen ◽

Michael G. Stewart ◽

Glenn Raup

Keyword(s):

Bone Fractures ◽

Gunshot Wounds ◽

Facial Trauma ◽

Injury Patterns ◽

Facial Bone ◽

Penetrating Injuries ◽

Entry Zone ◽

Stab Wounds ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Face

We reviewed 78 consecutive cases of penetrating facial injuries treated at Ben Taub General Hospital in Houston, Texas, between 1992 and 1994, and we analyzed injury patterns on the basis of (1) the mechanism of injury, and (2) the entry zone of the wounds. We found that gunshot wounds were more likely to require emergent airway establishment than shotgun wounds or stab wounds ( p = 0.03). We noted a higher prevalence of globe injury among shotgun wounds than among gunshot wounds ( p = 0.02). Nine (12%) patients had intracranial penetration of a bullet or shotgun pellet. Patients with gunshot wounds required open reduction and internal fixation of facial bone fractures more frequently than patients with shotgun wounds ( p = 0.01). Thirty patients underwent arteriograms, and 10 demonstrated positive findings. Although there were only 3 deaths in our series, 29 (37%) patients overall had some complication caused by their penetrating facial trauma, including blindness in 12 patients. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of complications between gunshot, shotgun, and stab wounds ( p = 0.18). With these injury patterns in mind, we describe an algorithm for evaluation and management of penetrating injuries of the face.

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation after Surgery for Facial Injury

Case Reports in Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2016/6053652 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Hisashi Ozaki ◽

Hirohiko Tachibana ◽

Shigeo Ishikawa ◽

Kazuyuki Yusa ◽

Kenichirou Kitabatake ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical History ◽

Head Trauma ◽

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ◽

Bone Fractures ◽

Facial Trauma ◽

Facial Injury ◽

Facial Bone ◽

Maxillofacial Region ◽

Intravascular Coagulation ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Region

A case of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) presenting after surgery for facial trauma associated with multiple facial bone fractures is described. With regard to the oral and maxillofacial region, DIC has been described in the literature following head trauma, infection, and metastatic disease. Until now, only 5 reports have described DIC after surgery for facial injury. DIC secondary to facial injury is thus rare. The patient in this case was young and had no medical history. Preoperative hemorrhage or postoperative septicemia may thus induce DIC.

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