Cost optimization of water distribution networks by using artificial immune systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miraç Eryiğit
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Clonal Selection Algorithm ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Impact

This study aims at the development of an optimization model based on artificial immune systems (AIS) to minimize cost designs of water distribution networks (WDNs). Clonal selection algorithm (Clonalg), a class of AIS, was used as an optimization technique in the model, and its mutation operation was modified to increase the diversity (search capability). EPANET, a widely known WDN simulator, was used in conjunction with the proposed model. The model was applied to four WDNs of Two-loop, Hanoi, Go Yang, New York City, and the results obtained were compared with other heuristic and mathematical optimization models in the related literature, such as harmony search, genetic algorithm, immune algorithm, shuffled complex evolution, differential evolution, and non-linear programming-Lagrangian algorithm. Furthermore, the modified Clonalg was compared with the classic Clonalg in order to demonstrate the impact of the modification on the diversity. The proposed model appeared to be promising in terms of cost designs of WDNs.

scholarly journals Optimal Placement of Pressure Gauges for Water Distribution Networks Using Entropy Theory Based on Pressure Dependent Hydraulic Simulation

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Yoo ◽  
Dong Chang ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Jung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Pressure Gauge ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Hydraulic Simulation ◽  
Priority Order ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pressure Driven

This study proposed a pressure driven entropy method (PDEM) that determines a priority order of pressure gauge locations, which enables the impact of abnormal condition (e.g., pipe failures) to be quantitatively identified in water distribution networks (WDNs). The method developed utilizes the entropy method from information theory and pressure driven analysis (PDA), which is the latest hydraulic analysis method. The conventional hydraulic approach has problems in determining the locations of pressure gauges, attributable to unrealistic results under abnormal conditions (e.g., negative pressure). The proposed method was applied to two benchmark pipe networks and one real pipe network. The priority order for optimal locations was produced, and the result was compared to existing approach. The results of the conventional method show that the pressure reduction difference of each node became so excessive, which resulted in a distorted distribution. However, with the method developed, which considers the connectivity of a system and the influence among nodes based on PDA and entropy method results, pressure gauges can be more realistically and reasonably located.

scholarly journals Pipe replacement by age only, how misleading could it be?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 846-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Pardo ◽  
J. Valdes-Abellan
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Pipe Replacement ◽  
Energy Audits ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Traditional methods for prioritizing the renewal of water are based on heuristic models, such as the number of breaks per length, rule-of-thumb, and records held by the water utility companies. Efficient management of water distribution networks involves factoring in water and energy losses as the key criteria for planning pipe renewal. Prioritizing the replacement of a pipe according to the highest value of unit headloss due to ageing does not consider the impact on water and energy consumption for the whole network. Thus, this paper proposes a methodology to prioritize pipe replacement according to water and energy savings per monetary unit invested – economic prioritization. This renewal plan shows different results if comparing with replacing pipelines with regard to age and it requires calculating water and energy audits of the water distribution networks. Moreover, the required time to recover the investment performed needs to be calculated. The methodology proposed in this work is compared with the unit headloss criterion used in a real water-pressurized network. The results demonstrate that using the unit headloss criterion neither water, energy nor the investment is optimized. Significant water and energy savings are not fully exploited.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Segment Graph of Water Distribution Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Huzsvár ◽  
Richárd Wéber ◽  
Csaba János Hős
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Graph Properties ◽  
Quantitative Topology ◽  
The Impact

One of the basic infrastructures of every settlement is the water distribution system, which provides clean and potable water for both private houses, industrial consumers and institution establishments. The operational robustness and vulnerabilities of these networks is an essential issue, both for the quality of life and for the preservation of the environment. Even with frequent and careful maintenance, unintentional pipe bursts might occur, and during the reparation time, the damaged section must be isolated hydraulically from the main body of the water distribution network. Due to the size and complexity of these networks, it might not be trivial how to isolate the burst section, especially if one wishes to minimize the impact on the overall system. This paper presents an algorithmic method that is capable of creating isolation plans for real-life networks in a computationally efficient way, based on the graph properties of the network. Besides this segmentation plan, the topological behavior of the structural graph properties was analyzed with the help of the complex network theory to create a method for the quantitative topology based categorization of the water distribution networks.

RISKNOUGHT: Stress-testing platform for cyber-physical water distribution networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionysios Nikolopoulos ◽  
Georgios Moraitis ◽  
Dimitrios Bouziotas ◽  
Archontia Lykou ◽  
George Karavokiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Stress Testing ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Water Distribution Networks ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Testing Platform ◽  
The Impact

<p>Emergent threats in the water sector have the form of cyber-physical attacks that target SCADA systems of water utilities. Examples of attacks include chemical/biological contamination, disruption of communications between network elements and manipulating sensor data. RISKNOUGHT is an innovative cyber-physical stress testing platform, capable of modelling water distribution networks as cyber-physical systems. The platform simulates information flow of the cyber layer’s networking and computational elements and the feedback interactions with the physical processes under control. RISKNOUGHT utilizes an EPANET-based solver with pressure-driven analysis functionality for the physical process and a customizable network model for the SCADA system representation, which is capable of implementing complex control logic schemes within a simulation. The platform enables the development of composite cyber-physical attacks on various elements of the SCADA including sensors, actuators and PLCs, assessing the impact they have on the hydraulic response of the distribution network, the quality of supplied water and the level of service to consumers. It is envisaged that this platform could help water utilities navigate the ever-changing risk landscape of the digital era and help address some of the modern challenges due to the ongoing transformation of water infrastructure into cyber-physical systems.</p>

scholarly journals Multithreshold Segmentation Based on Artificial Immune Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Cuevas ◽  
Valentin Osuna-Enciso ◽  
Daniel Zaldivar ◽  
Marco Pérez-Cisneros ◽  
Humberto Sossa
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Gaussian Function ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Bio-inspired computing has lately demonstrated its usefulness with remarkable contributions to shape detection, optimization, and classification in pattern recognition. Similarly, multithreshold selection has become a critical step for image analysis and computer vision sparking considerable efforts to design an optimal multi-threshold estimator. This paper presents an algorithm for multi-threshold segmentation which is based on the artificial immune systems(AIS) technique, also known as theclonal selection algorithm (CSA). It follows the clonal selection principle (CSP) from the human immune system which basically generates a response according to the relationship between antigens (Ag), that is, patterns to be recognized and antibodies (Ab), that is, possible solutions. In our approach, the 1D histogram of one image is approximated through a Gaussian mixture model whose parameters are calculated through CSA. Each Gaussian function represents a pixel class and therefore a thresholding point. Unlike the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, the CSA-based method shows a fast convergence and a low sensitivity to initial conditions. Remarkably, it also improves complex time-consuming computations commonly required by gradient-based methods. Experimental evidence demonstrates a successful automatic multi-threshold selection based on CSA, comparing its performance to the aforementioned well-known algorithms.

How Do We Evaluate Artificial Immune Systems?

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Artificial Immune ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Danger Theory

The field of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) concerns the study and development of computationally interesting abstractions of the immune system. This survey tracks the development of AIS since its inception, and then attempts to make an assessment of its usefulness, defined in terms of ‘distinctiveness’ and ‘effectiveness.’ In this paper, the standard types of AIS are examined—Negative Selection, Clonal Selection and Immune Networks—as well as a new breed of AIS, based on the immunological ‘danger theory.’ The paper concludes that all types of AIS largely satisfy the criteria outlined for being useful, but only two types of AIS satisfy both criteria with any certainty.

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