Ecosan Can Provide Sustainable Sanitation in Emergency Situations with Benefits for the Millennium Development Goals

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. v. Münch ◽  
G. Amy ◽  
J. F. Fesselet
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sanitation Systems

This paper describes the potential of ecological sanitation (ecosan) to provide sustainable excreta disposal in emergency situations and in peri-urban areas or slums in developing countries. At the present time, pit latrines are the most common form of excreta disposal both for emergency situations and in low-income peri-urban areas or slums. Although not intended to be a long-term solution, pit latrines provided during emergencies are often used for a long time (more than six months to years). This practice is not sustainable if the area is prone to flooding or there are soil conditions that allow groundwater pollution in areas where groundwater is used for drinking water, to name but two of the main factors. We propose eight criteria for the applicability of ecosan based on analysis of three case studies representing different types of emergency situations. The two most important criteria are awareness and expertise in ecosan within the aid agencies, and availability of standardised, lightweight toilet units that are quick to assemble and easy to transport (e.g. container for faeces, and urine diversion squatting pan made of impact-resistant molded polypropylene). Such toilets could be moved to, or replicated in, other areas in need after the emergency (peri-urban areas or slums). This would provide benefits for Millennium Development Goals achievements (targets on hunger, child mortality, sanitation and slum dwellers) at lower cost than conventional sanitation systems. Costs for sanitation systems should be compared based on the entire system (toilet, transport, treatment, reuse in agriculture), using Net Present Value analysis for capital, and operating and maintenance costs.

Sericulture Industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 366-387
Author(s):  
P. J. Raju ◽  
D. M. Mamatha ◽  
S. V. Seshagiri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Luxury Item ◽  
Sizeable Number ◽  
Silk Filament

India has a huge potential for sericulture development unlike other agro industries since sericulture is a unique agro-based industry comprising of several components such as mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and other connected activities. Each of these components appear to be independent but closely linked with one another having intricacies of their own. The major activities of these components comprises of mulberry food-plant cultivation to feed the silkworms which spin silk cocoons and reeling the cocoons for unwinding the silk filament for manufacturing silk goods, subjecting them to the process of degumming, bleaching, dyeing, weaving and printing. Thus sericulture industry provides employment to approximately 7.85 million in rural and semi urban areas in India. Of these, a sizeable number belongs to the economically weaker sections of the society, including women. In addition to this, India has the unique credibility of producing all the five known commercial silk viz., mulberry, tropical tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga of which muga with its golden yellow glitter is unique and prerogative of India. Though silk is a luxury item, it is produced by the rural populace and purchased by urban rich, causing money to flow from urban to rural. It also prevents rural people to migrate to urban areas. The United Nation's recent endeavor “Millennium Development Goals” has an eight point programme to make our earth more healthy wealthy and free from inequalities by 2015. Sericulture being a rural and women friendly business aligns well with many of these ideas which are explained in detail in the chapter.

Sericulture Industry

2017 ◽  
pp. 267-288
Author(s):  
P. J. Raju ◽  
D. M. Mamatha ◽  
S. V. Seshagiri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Luxury Item ◽  
Sizeable Number ◽  
Silk Filament

India has a huge potential for sericulture development unlike other agro industries since sericulture is a unique agro-based industry comprising of several components such as mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and other connected activities. Each of these components appear to be independent but closely linked with one another having intricacies of their own. The major activities of these components comprises of mulberry food-plant cultivation to feed the silkworms which spin silk cocoons and reeling the cocoons for unwinding the silk filament for manufacturing silk goods, subjecting them to the process of degumming, bleaching, dyeing, weaving and printing. Thus sericulture industry provides employment to approximately 7.85 million in rural and semi urban areas in India. Of these, a sizeable number belongs to the economically weaker sections of the society, including women. In addition to this, India has the unique credibility of producing all the five known commercial silk viz., mulberry, tropical tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga of which muga with its golden yellow glitter is unique and prerogative of India. Though silk is a luxury item, it is produced by the rural populace and purchased by urban rich, causing money to flow from urban to rural. It also prevents rural people to migrate to urban areas. The United Nation's recent endeavor “Millennium Development Goals” has an eight point programme to make our earth more healthy wealthy and free from inequalities by 2015. Sericulture being a rural and women friendly business aligns well with many of these ideas which are explained in detail in the chapter.

2013 Low-Income Countries Global Risks and Vulnerabilities Report

Policy Papers ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (75) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita

An assessment of vulnerabilities and risks in LICs remains important both for LICs themselves and for the international community. There are currently 74 LICs, eligible for concessional financing from the Fund. This group of countries has a total population of about 1.3 billion, with an average per capita income of around $850. They typically face the steepest challenges in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and are increasingly the focus of global development assistance to assist them in this endeavor. This report serves several purposes. It provides a cross-cutting analysis of the economic vulnerabilities of LICs, yielding some general policy conclusions and messages aimed at strengthening their resilience to external shocks. It delivers a richer coverage of developments in LICs than is typically contained in the major IMF multilateral surveillance reports, where analysis is focused primarily on developments in the advanced and emerging market economies. The report serves as an effective outreach tool to country authorities and the wider public. Finally, it provides useful information to other international financial institutions (IFIs) and donors that provide financial resources to LICs on the potential financing needs of these countries under varying global scenarios.

scholarly journals Closing Water and Nutrient Cycles in Urban Wastewater Management: How to Make an Academic Software Available to General Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann S. Schuur ◽  
Dorothee Spuhler
Keyword(s):  
User Interface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
World Population ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Structured Decision Making ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
System Configurations

AbstractAppropriate sanitation is crucial to alleviate pressures on environmental and human health hazards. Conventional (sewered) sanitation systems are often not viable in rapidly developing urban areas, where over 70% of the world population is expected to live in 2050. Freshwater is polluted and valuable resources such as nutrients and organics are lost. At present, many alternative sanitation technologies and systems are being developed with the aim to alleviate these pressures through (1) independency from sewers, water, and energy, therefore better adapted to the needs of fast and uncontrolled developing urban areas; and (2) contribute to a circular economy through the recovery of nutrients, energy, and water for reuse. Unfortunately, these innovations hardly find their way into practice because there exists a lack of data and knowledge to systematically consider them in strategic planning processes. To this end, we have developed SANitaTIon system Alternative GeneratOr (SANTIAGO)—a software that provides a comprehensive list of potential technologies and system configurations and quantifies their local appropriateness as well as their resource recovery and loss potentials. The aim is to provide a manageable but diverse set of decision options together with information needed to rank the alternatives and to select the preferred one in a structured decision making process. To make this software useful for practice, an easily accessible interactive user interface is required that (1) facilitates data collection and input; and (2) the exploration and presentation of results. As a first step in creating this user interface, we develop a framework that summarizes (1) the requirements that arise from practical applications of SANTIAGO, and (2) a comprehensive user understanding on the basis of 21 interviews with international practitioners caught in five personas: capacity developers, engineering experts, planners, researchers, teachers and trainers. This framework aids the development of any academic software into a tool useful for practice and policy makers. Here specifically, it enables contribution to sustainable development goals 6 (clean water and sanitation), and 11 (sustainable cities and communities).

Microfinance for the Poor in Viet Nam

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-557
Author(s):  
Huy Nguyen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
International Standard ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development Goals

Most of the research on hunger elimination and poverty reduction in the global scope as well as in Vietnam shows that microfinance is an effective tool which has been successfully applied in many countries for the purpose of fighting against poverty and hunger. In general, the performance of hunger elimination and poverty reduction in Vietnam has gained impressive achievements in accordance with proposed Millennium Development Goals. However, the efficiency of microfinance service for the poor is still inadequate. Together with success in the innovation of legal framework, microfinance market becomes busy but in a muddle, with the principles in which the market is still governed by subsidiary lending mechanism. In addition, Vietnam microfinance system is still at a start in comparison with the regional and international standard. The writer would like to share his opinions and propose some solutions and recommendations in order to support microfinance organizations to stably operate and to help the poor in Vietnam for a long time and in a sustainable manner.

The latrine ownership ladder

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Appiah Obeng ◽  
Bernard Keraita ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Henrik Bregnhøj ◽  
Robert C. Abaidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Development Goals

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the latrine ownership ladder as a conceptual policy framework to enhance sanitation uptake in low-income peri-urban areas. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws from literature and a case study in a Ghanaian peri-urban community to highlight the challenges that undermine sanitation uptake in low-income peri-urban areas and the prospects of various levels of facility sharing as conceived in the latrine ownership ladder approach. Findings – The authors argue that the infrastructural and other socio-economic challenges of low-income peri-urban areas prevent some households from acquiring their own latrines. For such households, a more responsive approach to latrine promotion and prevention of open defecation would be the recognition of shared ownership regimes such as co-tenant shared, neighbourhood shared and community shared, in addition to the promotion of household latrines. The paper identifies provision of special concessions for peri-urban areas in policy formulation, education and technical support to households, regulation and enforcement of sanitation by-laws among complimentary policy interventions to make the latrine ownership ladder approach more effective. Originality/value – The paper provides an insight into the debate on redefining improved sanitation in the post-2015 era of the Millennium Development Goals and offers policy alternatives to policy makers in low-income countries seeking to accelerate the uptake of improved latrines among peri-urban and urban slum dwellers.

Financing of health systems to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals in low-income countries

The Lancet ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 375 (9712) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fryatt ◽  
Anne Mills ◽  
Anders Nordstrom
Keyword(s):  
Health Systems ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Goals

Sustainable water management in rural and peri-urban areas: what technology do we need to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals?

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Wilderer
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Short Time

Installation of advanced urban water management systems is one of the most important first steps in the attempt to overcome poverty on earth, outbreak of diseases, crime and even terrorism. Because world wide application of traditional water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment technology requires financial resources which are basically not available within a reasonable short time frame novel solutions must be found, developed and implemented. The combination of high-tech on-site treatment of the various waste streams generated in households, enterprises and industrial sites, and reuse of the valuable materials obtained from the treatment plants, including the purified water, is one of the options which is investigated by various groups of researchers and technology developers, nowadays. This concept may help meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals, provided people are ready to accept this new way of dealing with household wastes. Education is necessary to build up the foundation which modern water technology can be based upon. In parallel, tailored modifications are to be considered to satisfy the specific demands of local communities. In this context, female participation appears to be extremely important in the decision making process.

How to Meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) in Urban Areas

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Hasan ◽  
Sheela Patel ◽  
David Satterthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Development Goals
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