The Phytotoxicity of Crude Oil Spills in Freshwater

1972 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Hutchinson ◽  
P. Kauss ◽  
Marta Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ph Effects ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Oil Components ◽  
Toxic Factors ◽  
Soluble Components

Abstract Field and laboratory experiments have been carried out to determine the toxicity to planktonic algae of crude oil, crude oil - water extracts and also selected oil components. Field experiments were performed in a half-acre pond. Localised spills of crude oil were confined within specially constructed floating cylinders with an attached collar. Three different effects of crude oil spills were noted - 1) certain species were inhibited in their growth 2) other species did not appear to be effected and 3) a number of species showed apparent stimulation following the spill. These results emphasize the great differences in response between species and suggest the actual planktonic composition of a water body of considerable importance in predicting the effects of an oil spill. In laboratory studies the toxicity of the water soluble components of crude oil only were tested. These extracts had a significant effect in increasing acidity of the water, which by itself, reduced algal growth. However, it was found that toxic factors were present, in addition to pH effects. There toxic factors or components appeared to be volatile. Tests with benzene, toluene and xylene - three water soluble crude oil components - showes them all to be toxic, with toxicity increasing in the order indicated.

scholarly journals SUBSURFACE PERSISTENCE OF CRUDE OIL SPILLED ON LAND AND ITS TRANSPORT IN GROUNDWATER

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 475-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Duffy ◽  
M. F. Mohtadi ◽  
E. Peake
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Soluble Components

ABSTRACT The persistence of water-soluble hydrocarbons from crude oil spills on land was investigated as a source of groundwater contamination by means of theoretical models, percolation experiments, and the analysis of core samples from spill sites. Examination of a one-dimensional flow model of convection, dispersion, biodegradation, and adsorption of an oil-water solution beneath a water table revealed that under certain conditions adsorption has no effect on the maximum oil concentration reached at any given distance from a spill. Chemical analysis of water percolated through an oil spill zone in a sand trough and also through soil cores taken at spill sites revealed that it may take the equivalent of much more than 100 times the average annual rainfall of Calgary to diminish the water-soluble components in the leachate to a level acceptable in drinking water. Measurements of the amount of alkanes and isoprenoids as functions of depth in field cores at spill sites of various ages and locations indicated that biodegradation rates are much lower in the anaerobic zone than above. Theoretical predictions indicate that contaminated groundwater may extend in the direction of flow from less than one meter to several thousand meters from a spill depending primarily on biodegradation rates and pore velocities. It is concluded that oil in the subsoil resulting from spills on land has the potential to pose very long-term threats to groundwater quality and, by the mechanism of resurfacing, to vegetation.

Dynamic adsorption of water soluble crude oil components at air bubbles

2013 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 359-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Eftekhardadkhah ◽  
Pieter Reynders ◽  
Gisle Øye
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dynamic Adsorption ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Adsorption Of Water ◽  
Oil Components

Respiratory Response of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Striped Bass Exposed to Benzene, a Water-Soluble Component of Crude Oil

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Brocksen ◽  
Howard T. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

ABSTRACT Interest surrounding the potential effects of crude oil on aquatic organisms has increased in recent years due to the incidence of accidental oil spills. There are few experimental results reported, however, dealing with the effect on aquatic species of water-soluble aromatic hydrocarbons contained in crude oil. Such compounds are highly toxic to mammals. Experiments were conducted using juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and striped bass, Morone saxatilis. The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the aromatic hydrocarbon benzene, for periods ranging from 1–96 hours. Prior to exposure, and after exposure to the benzene, respiration rates of individual fish were measured. Results show increases in respiratory rate up to 115 percent above that of control fish after exposure periods of 24 hours for striped bass and 48 hours for chinook salmon. Fish exposed to benzene concentrations of 10 ppm for periods longer than those listed exhibited a narcosis that caused a decrease in respiratory rate. The narcotic state induced by exposure to benzene was shown to be reversible when the fish were placed in fresh water and kept for periods longer than 6 days. Possible biochemical mechanisms leading to this response are hypothesized.

Assessment of Natural Cleaning and Biological Colonization On Oiled Rocky Shores: In Situ Experiments

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 1071-1074
Author(s):  
Lénaïck Menot ◽  
Claude Chassé ◽  
Loïc Kerambrun
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Tidal Elevation ◽  
Exposed Site ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Light Crude Oil ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Remedial Actions

ABSTRACT When exposed rocky shores are affected by oil spills, the advised cleanup option, in most cases, is the “do nothing” This assumes that natural processes should rapidly clean up such shores and that remedial actions should have great detrimental effects in regard of ecological recovery. Few studies however deal with quantitative rates of natural cleanup on rocky shores. Therefore, CEDRE (Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Experimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux) has conducted field experiments to determine the rate of such processes. Granite plates have been polluted with Arabian Light crude oil and Bunker C and set on exposed and sheltered sites. On an exposed site, the influence of tidal elevation has also been studied. The plates were situated in diverse biological communities; the recolonization of polluted and non polluted plates has been recorded during a 13-month survey. The results show that the Arabian Light crude oil was rapidly washed away by the tide despite low wave energy even on the most exposed site. The persistence of Bunker C was much longer and seemed to be mainly a function of fauna and flora settlement. At the beginning of the survey, all the plates at the exposed site were colonized by barnacles in equal densities whatever the nature of the oil. A second recruitment wave of barnacle colonized preferably the “crude oil plates” which in fact were clean at that time. Along the tidal gradient, non polluted lower plates were colonized by Porphyra and Fucus while the polluted ones were essentially colonized by green algae.

scholarly journals Alterations in the Gut Microbiota of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Response to Water-Soluble Crude Oil Components and Its Mixture With a Chemical Dispersant

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo González-Penagos ◽  
Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño ◽  
Daniel Cerqueda-García ◽  
Monica Améndola-Pimenta ◽  
Juan Antonio Pérez-Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chemical Dispersant ◽  
Oil Components ◽  
Response To Water

The Toxicity of Crude Oil and its Components to Freshwater Algae

1973 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 703-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kauss ◽  
T. C. Hutchinson ◽  
C. Soto ◽  
J. Hellebust ◽  
M. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Freshwater Algae ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Aromatic Components ◽  
Benzene Toluene

ABSTRACT Field and laboratory experiments have been conducted to determine the toxicity of crude oil to freshwater algae. In the field, experiments were continued for a two year period and changes in the abundance and species composition of phytoplankton tabulated. Species were found to differ markedly in their response to an oil spill—varying from considerable suppression of growth to stimulation. In the laboratory, the effects of aqueous extracts of seven crude oils on a selected test species, Chlorella vulgaris, were determined. Marked differences in toxicity, as indicated by reduced growth, were found to exist between oils. Work with oil extracts of different ages suggests that the short-term toxicity of oils is due to the rapid loss of volatile compounds. Differences in the toxicity of selected aromatic components of crude oils—benzene, toluene, o-xylene and naphthalene—were observed and are believed to relate to an increase in methylation. Aqueous crude oil and naphthalene depressed the 14C-NaHC03 uptake (i.e. photosynthesis) of Chlamydomonas angulosa. 14C-naphthalene was rapidly taken up by Chlamydomonas cells. However, release of this compound was much slower, and, in unwashed cells, seemingly dependent upon cell division. Possible mechanisms of crude oil toxicity are discussed.

Role of Brine Composition and Water-Soluble Components of Crude Oil on the Wettability Alteration of a Carbonate Surface

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 3979-3988
Author(s):  
Mohsen Bahaloo Horeh ◽  
Mohammad Javad Shokri Afra ◽  
Behzad Rostami ◽  
Salman Ghorbanizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wettability Alteration ◽  
Soluble Components
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