Generalised Model of the Effect of Different Control Measures in Reducing Health Risks from Waste Reuse†

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-235
Author(s):  
U. J. Blumenthal ◽  
M. Strauss ◽  
D. D. Mara ◽  
S. Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Waste Reuse ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Definition Of

Health risks from wastewater and excreta reuse are assessed using an epidemiological definition of attributable risk instead of the presence of a microbiological hazard. Measures for health protection need not rely on total pathogen removal by waste treatment processes but may include ways to prevent direct human exposure to the wastes. The range of possible options for health protection includes: waste treatment, crop restriction, localised application methods, control of human exposure, and combinations of the different methods. A generalised model is used to show the effectiveness of each option in reducing health risks to agricultural workers and consumers of the crops grown. Three different regimes are available for rendering waste reuse ‘safe' to both workers and consumers, and several regimes are capable of reducing but not eliminating health risks. Case studies are given of the application of the model to wastewater and excreta reuse in agriculture and aquaculture in 6 different countries. The model can be used to aid decisions by planners and engineers to ensure that health protection measures are targetted towards specific exposed groups in the population, within their local context. † The full version of this article will appear in Water Science and Technology, 2l(6/7), 567-577 (1989).

Generalised Model of the Effect of Different Control Measures in Reducing Health Risks from Waste Reuse

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 567-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. J. Blumenthal ◽  
M. Strauss ◽  
D. D. Mara ◽  
S. Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Waste Reuse ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Definition Of

Health risks from wastewater and excreta reuse are assessed using an epidemiological definition of attributable risk instead of the presence of a microbiological hazard. Measures for health protection need not rely on total pathogen removal by waste treatment processes but may include ways to prevent direct human exposure to the wastes. The range of possible options for health protection includes: waste treatment, crop restriction, localised application methods, control of human exposure, and combinations of the different methods. A generalised model is used to show the effectiveness of each option in reducing health risks to agricultural workers and consumers of the crops grown. Three different regimes are available for rendering waste reuse ‘safe' to both workers and consumers, and several regimes are capable of reducing but not eliminating health risks. Case studies are given of the application of the model to wastewater and excreta reuse in agriculture and aquaculture in 6 different countries. The model can be used to aid decisions by planners and engineers to ensure that health protection measures are targetted towards specific exposed groups in the population, within their local context.

scholarly journals The “ReWaste4.0” Project—A Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Renato Sarc
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Mixed Waste ◽  
Further Development

ReWaste4.0 is an innovative and cooperative K-Project in the period 2017–2021. Through ReWaste4.0 the transformation of the non-hazardous mixed municipal and commercial waste treatment industry towards a circular economy has started by investigating and applying the new approaches of the Industry 4.0. Vision of the ReWaste4.0 is, among others, the development of treatment plants for non-hazardous waste into a “Smart Waste Factory” in which a digital communication and interconnection between material quality and machine as well as plant performance is reached. After four years of research and development, various results have been gained and the present review article summarizes, links and discuss the outputs (especially from peer-reviewed papers) of seven sub-projects, in total, within the K-project and discusses the main findings and their relevance and importance for further development of the waste treatment sector. Results are allocated into three areas, namely: contaminants in mixed waste and technical possibilities for their reduction as well as removal; secondary raw and energy materials in mixed waste and digitalization in waste characterization and treatment processes for mixed waste. The research conducted in ReWaste4.0 will be continued in ReWaste F for further development towards a particle-, sensor- and data-based circular economy in the period 2021–2025.

scholarly journals “I’ve Heard of It, Yes, but I Can’t Remember What Exactly It Was”—A Qualitative Study on Awareness, Knowledge, and Use of the UV Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Katharina Diehl ◽  
Tatiana Görig ◽  
Charlotte Jansen ◽  
Maike Carola Hruby ◽  
Annette B. Pfahlberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Protection Factor ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Uv Index ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Pharmacists and pharmaceutical technicians play an important role in counselling customers regarding sunscreen use and sun protection measures. A potentially helpful tool that can be used during counselling is the ultraviolet index (UVI), which informs individuals when and what sun protection measures are needed at a specific place and time. Our aim in this qualitative study was to explore awareness, knowledge, and use of the UVI during counselling in pharmacies. We used semi-structured interviews with pharmacists and pharmaceutical technicians (n = 20) to answer our research questions. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. During the interviews pharmacists and pharmaceutical technicians revealed a lot of uncertainty and lack of knowledge regarding the UVI. Eight professionals were able to give a correct definition of UVI. Amongst others, the UVI was confused with sun protection factor. Overall, the UVI was hardly used during the counselling of customers. The UVI was developed to provide guidance when which type of sun protection is required to avoid detrimental effects of ultraviolet radiation. For effective implementation, both the general population and health professionals (e.g., pharmacists) have to increase their knowledge about the UVI. This would strengthen its use during professional counselling in pharmacies and may help to reduce the incidence of skin cancer over the long term.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador: Associated health risks and social perception of human exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 690 ◽  
pp. 1203-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Maurice ◽  
Fausto López ◽  
Sylvia Becerra ◽  
Hala Jamhoury ◽  
Karyn Le Menach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Quality

scholarly journals Chromate Reduction in Serratia marcescens Isolated from Tannery Effluent and Potential Application for Bioremediation of Chromate Pollution

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 972-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Mondaca ◽  
V. Campos ◽  
R. Moraga ◽  
C.A. Zaror
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Chromate Reduction ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Transmission Electron

Pollution of aquatic systems by heavy metals has resulted in increasing environmental concern because they cannot be biodegraded. One metal that gives reason for concern due to its toxicity is chromium. Cr(VI) and Cr(III) are the principal forms of chromium found in natural waters. A chromate-resistant strain of the bacterium S. marcescens was isolated from tannery effluent. The strain was able to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and about 80% of chromate was removed from the medium. The reduction seems to occur on the cell surface. Transmission electron microscopic examination of cells revealed that particles were deposited on the outside of bacterial cells. A stable biofilm was formed in less than 10 h, reaching around 1010cfu attached per milligram of activated carbon. These findings demonstrate that immobilizedS. marcescensmight be used in industrial waste treatment processes.

Waste Treatment Processes

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Saleh S. Al Arni ◽  
Mahmoud M. Elwaheidi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes
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