scholarly journals Efficiency of disinsection and deratization aimed at reducing epidemiologic risks in gorno-altaiskiy high-mountain natural plague focus

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
A.N. Matrosov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Chipanin ◽  
A.Ya. Nikitin ◽  
A.V. Denisov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Highly Virulent

Our research aim was to estimate efficiency of emergency disinsection and deratization that were accomplished to reduce risks of diseases among population in Gorno-Altaiskiy high-mountain natural plague focus. The research was performed in 2016–2021 in Gorno-Altaiskiy high-mountain plague focus which is the northern part of Sailygem cross-border natural focus located both in Russia and Mongolia. Zoological, epizootologic, epidemiological and statistical research procedures as well as GIS-tools were applied to collect and analyze research data. Epidemiologic surveillance over plague in the focus has been accomplished since 1961. Prior to 2011 only rhamnoso-positive strains of the plague microbe with selective virulence were found here, belonging to the Central Asian subspecies Yersinia pestis altaica, circulating mainly in the population of the Ochotona pallassi. Given that, the focus was believed to have low epidemic potential. Since 2012 highly virulent strains of the basic plague microbe Yersinia pestis ssp. pestis started to occur in populations of Marmota baibacina and other carriers. As a result, starting from that period of time, epidemiologic status of the focus changed and it led to 3 cases of bubonic plague among humans in 2014–2016. Disinsection and deratization remained the major components in anti-epidemic activities aimed at non-specific plague prevention. In 2016–2021 fields disinsection covered a total square equal to 162.7 km2; disinsection in settlements, 127.3 thousand m2; deratization in settlements, 461.7 thousand m2. An approach involving disinsection only on land spots that were considered epidemically hazardous was first implemented; such land spots were around livestock breeders’ camps located within boundaries of detected epizooties. Efficiency of fields disinsection amounted to 94.6; disinsection in settlements, 100 %; deratization in settlements, 88.0 %. Population of plague vectors and carriers was controlled bearing in mind environmental aspects in regulating numbers of animals and compliance with environmental protection requirements. Deratization and disinsection, together with other activities aimed at plague prevention, provide epidemiologic welfare in the focus and reduce its epizootic activity.

scholarly journals POPULATIONS OF THE MAJOR CARRIER RHOMBOMYS OPIMUS, VECTORS OF XENOPSYLLA FLEAS AND THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF YERSINIA PESTIS IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN DESERT NATURAL FOCUS OF PLAGUE

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 389 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
B. Atshabar ◽  
S.T. Nurtazhin ◽  
A. Shevtsov ◽  
E.M. Ramankulov ◽  
Z. Sayakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Great Gerbil ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Repertoire Diversity ◽  
Rhombomys Opimus ◽  
Major Carrier ◽  
Environmental Isolation

In the Central Asia desert natural focus of plague, the major carrier of the Yersinia pestis agent is the great gerbil Rhombomys opimus, and its vectors include fleas of the Xenopsylla genus. Phenotypical and genotypical properties of the R. opimus populations, Xenopsylla fleas and Yersinia pestis strains have been studied in the Central Asia desert natural focus of plague. Phenotypic distinctions and population discreteness have been identified in R. opimus on the cytochrome b gene of the mitochondrial genome from three autonomous plague foci: Pre-Balkhash, Betpakdala and Pre-Ustyurt. Phenotypic distinctions have been found in Xenopsylla fleas in the Central Asia desert natural focus of plague, and the genotype of X. gerbilli minax fleas on the Cox2 gene of the mitochondrial DNA; these had been captured in the Betpakdala autonomous focus. The repertoire diversity in phenotypical properties of Y. pestis strains from different natural foci of plague has been demonstrated, and population discreteness of Y. pestis strains has been determined using the next-generation sequencing method for single nucleotide polymorphism genes. Results of the study suggest that geographical and environmental isolation and natural selection have led to heterogeneity in the three populations of the great gerbil, vector fleas and Y. pestis.

scholarly journals Demarcation of the Boundaries of the Central Asian Desert Natural Focus of Plague of Kazakhstan and Monitoring the Areal of the Main Carrier, Rhombomys opimus

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Z. Zh. Abdel ◽  
T. K. Erubaev ◽  
G. Zh. Tokmurzieva ◽  
B. K. Aimakhanov ◽  
Zh. S. Dalibaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aral Sea ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Great Gerbil ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Rhombomys Opimus ◽  
The Republic

The aim of the study was to clarify the boundaries of the Central Asian natural plague focus of Kazakhstan and the modern boundaries of the areal of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) in order to improve epizootiological monitoring and increase the effectiveness of preventive (anti-epidemic) measures.Materials and methods. Data from the epizootiological monitoring of the great gerbil populations in 14 autonomous foci of the Central Asian desert natural plague focus in the Republic of Kazakhstan between 2010 and 2020 were used for the analysis. An epizootiologic survey of an area of 875350 km2 was carried out. When processing the data, epidemiological, epizootiological, statistical research methods, as well as GIS technologies were used.Results and discussion. An increase in the total area of the Central Asian desert natural plague focus of the Republic of Kazakhstan by 79710 km2 (9.98 %) has been established for the period of 1990–2020. It is noted that the change in the area of plague-enzootic territory was a consequence of the ever changing areal of the main carrier of plague pathogen – the great gerbil – under the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors. The most significant changes were found in the southeastern part of the plague-enzootic territory, including those for the Betpakdala (50 %), Balkhash (34.3 %), Taukum (13.3 %) and Mojynkum (0.32 %) autonomous foci. The area of the Aryskum-Dariyalyktakyr autonomous focus decreased by 2100 km2 (4 %). In 2000–2002, new Alakol’sky and Ili intermountain autonomous foci with a total area of 26759 km2 were discovered. It is shown that due to the regression of the Aral Sea, the areal of the great girbil expanded and the area of the North Aral and Kyzylkum natural plague foci increased by 10500 km2 (29.2 %) and 560 km2 (0.4%), respectively. The areas of the Aral-Karakum and UralEmba desert autonomous foci, on the contrary, decreased by 2000 km2 (2.6 %) and 12300 km2 (17.6 %), respectively. Passportization and landscape-epizootiologic zoning of the territory of the Central Asian desert natural plague focus of the Republic of Kazakhstan has been completed. 

How Molecular Epidemiology Can Affect Tuberculosis Control in the Middle East Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asgharzadeh ◽  
Jalil Rashedi ◽  
Behroz Mahdavi Poor ◽  
Hossein Samadi kafil ◽  
Hossein Moharram Zadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Recent Transmission ◽  
Highly Virulent

: Nowadays, due to the incidence of specific strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also increase the rate of drug resistant-TB mortality rate has elevated by this disease. Identification of common strains in the region as well as sources of transmission are essential to control the disease that this has been possible by using molecular epidemiology. In this survey, studies which have been carried out based on spoligotyping method in Muslim Middle East countries were considered to determine their role in control of TB. All studies conducted from 2005 to June 2016 were considered systematically in three electronic data bases and finally, 23 studies were selected. The average rate of clustering was 84% and the rate of recent transmission was variable from 21.7% to 92.4%. Incidence of Beijing strains was been rising in the considered countries. In Iran and Saudi Arabia which are immigration and labour-hosting countries, respectively, rapid transmittable strains and drug resistant Beijings were higher than other considered countries. Considering the incidence of highly virulent strains, due to the increase of immigration and people infected with HIV, tuberculosis, especially drug resistant form, the lack of close monitoring in the future will be induce trouble.

scholarly journals Sero- and apx-typing of German Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates from 2010 to 2019 reveals a predominance of serovar 2 with regular apx-profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Schuwerk ◽  
Doris Hoeltig ◽  
Karl-Heinz Waldmann ◽  
Peter Valentin-Weigand ◽  
Judith Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Reference Strain ◽  
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Toxin Gene ◽  
Gene Profile ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Porcine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Highly Virulent

AbstractSerotyping is the most common method to characterize field isolates of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Based on serology, many farms seem to be infected and antibodies against a wide variety of serovars are detectable, but, so far it is unknown to what degree respective serovars contribute to outbreaks of clinical manifest disease. In this study, 213 German A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates retrieved for diagnostic purposes from outbreaks of porcine pleuropneumonia between 2010 and 2019 were genetically serotyped and analyzed regarding their apx-toxin gene profile using molecular methods. Serotyping revealed a prominent role of serovar 2 in clinical cases (64% of all isolates) and an increase in the detection of this serovar since 2010 in German isolates. Serovar 9/11 followed as the second most frequent serovar with about 15% of the isolates. Furthermore, very recently described serovars 16 (n = 2) and 18 (n = 8) were detected. Most isolates (93.4%) showed apx-profiles typical for the respective serovar. However, this does not hold true for isolates of serovar 18, as 75% (n = 6) of all isolates of this serovar deviated uniformly from the “typical” apx-gene profile of the reference strain 7311555. Notably, isolates from systemic lesions such as joints or meninges did not harbor the complete apxICABD operon which is considered typical for highly virulent strains. Furthermore, the extremely low occurrence (n = 1) of NAD independent (biovar II) isolates in German A. pleuropneumoniae was evident in our collection of clinical isolates.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF EXTRACHROMOSOMAL ELEMENTS OF HEREDITY ON TOXIC PROPERTIES OF YERSINIA PESTIS

2017 ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Demidova ◽  
E. P. Sokolova ◽  
V. P. Zyuzina ◽  
V. A. Rykova ◽  
I. V. Morozova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Extrachromosomal Elements ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
First Time

Aim. Elucidation of the role of extrachromosomal elements of heredity in manifestations of toxic properties of Yersinia pestis. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in vaccine strain Y. pestis EV76 (pMTl, pCDl, pPCPl) and non-plasmid variants of vaccine EV76 (pMTl\ pCDl', pPCPl') and virulent 231 (рМТГ, pCDl’, pPCPl') strains of Y. pestis. Presence of functionally active form of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the incubation medium of the bacteria was evaluated via toxicity of supernatant of Y. pestis for intact animals (infection-toxic shock) and mice sensitized by D-GalN. Results. 37°C cultures of Y. pestis EV76 containing a full amount of plasmids were established to release LPS into the environment. Non-plasmid variants of both vaccine and virulent strains of Y. pestis pMTl', pCD Г, рРСР 1 do not have this ability. Separation of LPS from cell wall was detected in live bacteria of plague infectious agent. This process is assumed to be coupled with translocation of proteins coded by pMTl, pCDl, pPCPl plasmids from the cell into the environment. Conclusion. Functional interconnection between extrachromosomal elements of heredity and toxic activity of Y. pestis LPS is established for the first time.

scholarly journals Comparative Genetic Analysis of Yersinia pestis Strains Isolated on the Ukok Plateau and other Territories of the Altai Mountains

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
G. A. Eroshenko ◽  
A. N. Balykova ◽  
Ya. M. Krasnov ◽  
E. A. Naryshkina ◽  
E. N. Rozhdestvensky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Altai Mountains ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Ukok Plateau ◽  
Average Size

The aim of the study was molecular-genetic identification and analysis of the phylogenetic relationship of Yersinia pestis strains isolated on the Ukok Plateau in 2020, in order to establish the current boundaries of the natural mega focus of plague in the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia.Materials and methods. 37 strains of Y. pestis of the main subspecies isolated in the Tuva mountain and Gorno-Altai high-mountain plague foci and adjacent territories of Mongolia in 1971–2020 were studied. The whole genome sequencing of the strains was performed using the Ion S5 XL System (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Ion Torrent Suite software package 5.12 and Newbler gsAssembler 2.6 were used to process the data and assemble de novo the sequences of raw reads. The average size of the collected genome was 4.55 million base pairs. Core SNPs were detected by aligning the contigs of Y. pestis strains on the CO92 genome using the Snippy 4.6 program, then 28 SNP homoplasies were removed. The resulting set of SNPs contained only the core region of the genome (955 SNPs). The dendrogram was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method applying the PhyML 3.1 program.Results and discussion. The current population structure of Y. pestis of the main subspecies, antique biovar, phylogenetic line 4.ANT, endemic to the foci of the Altai Mountains in Russia and Mongolia has been determined. The presence of 4.ANT-21 clone, which became widespread in the territory of these natural foci of plague at the begining of the XXI century, was revealed. It is shown that three strains isolated on the Ukok Plateau in 2020 belong to clone 4.ANT-21. According to phylogenetic analysis, evidence of 4.ANT circulation on the Ukok Plateau before 2018 was obtained. The lesson that has been learned is that it is necessary to study the territories of Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China bordering the Ukok Plateau in order to establish the current boundaries of the 4.ANT mega focus. 

scholarly journals Label-Free Quantitative Acetylome Analysis Reveals Toxoplasma gondii Genotype-Specific Acetylomic Signatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze-Xiang Wang ◽  
Rui-Si Hu ◽  
Chun-Xue Zhou ◽  
Jun-Jun He ◽  
Hany M. Elsheikha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Histone Acetyl Transferase ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Host Cell Response ◽  
Genotype Iii ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Specific Virulence

Distinct genotypic and pathogenic differences exist between Toxoplasma gondii genotypes. For example, genotype I is highly virulent, whereas genotype II and genotype III are less virulent. Moreover, Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9) is also virulent. Here, we compare the acetylomes of genotype 1 (RH strain) and Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9, PYS strain) of T. gondii. Using mass spectrometry enriched for acetylated peptides, we found a relationship between the levels of protein acetylation and parasite genotype-specific virulence. Notably, lysine acetylation was the largest (458 acetylated proteins) in RH strain, followed by PYS strain (188 acetylated proteins), whereas only 115 acetylated proteins were detected in PRU strain. Our analysis revealed four, three, and four motifs in RH strain, PRU strain and PYS strain, respectively. Three conserved sequences around acetylation sites, namely, xxxxxKAcHxxxx, xxxxxKAcFxxxx, and xxxxGKAcSxxxx, were detected in the acetylome of the three strains. However, xxxxxKAcNxxxx (asparagine) was found in RH and PYS strains but was absent in PRU strain. Our analysis also identified 15, 3, and 26 differentially expressed acetylated proteins in RH strain vs. PRU strain, PRU strain vs. PYS strain and PYS strain vs. RH strain, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large proportion of the acetylated proteins are involved in metabolic processes. Pathways for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were featured in the top five enriched pathways in all three strains. However, acetylated proteins from the virulent strains (RH and PYS) were more enriched in the pyruvate metabolism pathway compared to acetylated proteins from PRU strain. Increased levels of histone-acetyl-transferase and glycyl-tRNA synthase were detected in RH strain compared to PRU strain and PYS strain. Both enzymes play roles in stress tolerance and proliferation, key features in the parasite virulence. These findings reveal novel insight into the acetylomic profiles of major T. gondii genotypes and provide a new important resource for further investigations of the roles of the acetylated parasite proteins in the modulation of the host cell response to the infection of T. gondii.

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