Recent Advances in Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches using Lipidic and Polymeric Nanocarriers for the management of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhara Lakdawala ◽  
Md Abdur Rashid ◽  
Farhan Jalees Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
The Brain

: Drug delivery to the brain has remained a significant challenge in treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which primarily obstructs the access of drugs and biomolecules into the brain. Several methods to overcome the blood-brain barrier have been employed, such as chemical disruption, surgical intervention, focused ultrasound, intranasal delivery and using nanocarriers. Nanocarrier systems remain the method of choice and have shown promising results over the past decade to achieve better drug targeting. Polymeric nanocarriers and lipidic nanoparticles act as a carrier system providing better encapsulation of drugs, site-specific delivery, increased bioavailability and sustained release of drugs. The surface modifications and functionalization of these nanocarrier systems have greatly facilitated targeted drug delivery. The safety and efficacy of these nanocarrier systems have been ascertained by several in vitro and in vivo models. In the present review, we have elaborated on recent developments of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for Alzheimer's disease, explicitly focusing on polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles.

Recent Advancements in Nanodiamond Mediated Brain Targeted Drug Delivery and Bioimaging of Brain Ailments: A Holistic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohini Singh ◽  
Bhaskar Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Targeting ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
The Brain

Background: The brain is a vital and composite organ. By nature, the innate make-up of the brain is such that in anatomical parlance, it is highly protected by the “Blood-Brain Barrier”, which is a nexus of capillary endothelial cells, basement membrane, neuroglial membrane and glialpodocytes. The same barrier, which protects and isolates the interstitial fluid of the brain from capillary circulation, also restricts the therapeutic intervention. Many standing pharmaceutical formulations are ineffective in the treatment of inimical brain ailments because of the inability of the API to surpass and subsist inside the Blood Brain Barrier. Objective: This is an integrated review that emphasizes on the recent advancements in brain-targeted drug delivery utilizing nanodiamonds (NDs) as a carrier of therapeutic agents. NDs are a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system, having carbon moieties as their building blocks and their surface tenability is remarkable. These neoteric carbon-based carriers have exceptional, mechanical, electrical, chemical, optical, and biological properties, which can be further rationally modified and augmented. Conclusion: NDs could be the next“revolution ”in the field of nanoscience for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumors, and other pernicious brain ailments. What sets them apart from other nanocarriers is their versatile properties like diverse size range and surface modification potential, which makes them efficient enough to move across certain biological barriers and offer a plethora of brain targeting and bioimaging abilities. Lay Summary: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses a major hurdle in the way of treating many serious brain ailments. A range of nanoparticle based drug delivering systems have been formulated, including solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, nanogels, polymeric NPs, metallic NPs (gold, platinum, andironoxide) and diamondoids (carbonnanotubes). Despite this development, only a few of these formulations have shown the ability to cross the BBB. Nanodiamonds, because of their small size, shape, and surface characteristics, have a potential in moving beyond the diverse and intricate BBB, and offer a plethora of brain targeting capabilities.

scholarly journals Probable Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease

Sci ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
James David Adams
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Folate Intake ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

A three-part mechanism is proposed for the induction of Alzheimer’s disease: (1) decreased blood lactic acid; (2) increased blood ceramide and adipokines; (3) decreased blood folic acid. The age-related nature of these mechanisms comes from age-associated decreased muscle mass, increased visceral fat and changes in diet. This mechanism also explains why many people do not develop Alzheimer’s disease. Simple changes in lifestyle and diet can prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is caused by a cascade of events that culminates in damage to the blood–brain barrier and damage to neurons. The blood–brain barrier keeps toxic molecules out of the brain and retains essential molecules in the brain. Lactic acid is a nutrient to the brain and is produced by exercise. Damage to endothelial cells and pericytes by inadequate lactic acid leads to blood–brain barrier damage and brain damage. Inadequate folate intake and oxidative stress induced by activation of transient receptor potential cation channels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase damage the blood–brain barrier. NAD depletion due to inadequate intake of nicotinamide and alterations in the kynurenine pathway damages neurons. Changes in microRNA levels may be the terminal events that cause neuronal death leading to Alzheimer’s disease. A new mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease induction is presented involving lactic acid, ceramide, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, folate, nicotinamide, kynurenine metabolites and microRNA.

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