Vaginitis: Review on Drug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 1672-1686
Author(s):  
Graziela Vargas Rigo ◽  
Tiana Tasca
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Genital Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Female genital tract infections have a high incidence among different age groups and represent an important impact on public health. Among them, vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and/or vagina due to the presence of pathogens that cause trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Several discomforts are associated with these infections, as well as pregnancy complications and the facilitation of HIV transmission and acquisition. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to drugs used in therapy is remarkable, since women report the recurrence of these infections and associated comorbidities. Different resistant mechanisms already described for the drugs used in the therapy against Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp., and Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as aspects related to pathogenesis and treatment, are discussed in this review. This study aims to contribute to drug design, avoiding therapy ineffectiveness due to drug resistance. Effective alternative therapies to treat vaginitis will reduce the recurrence of infections and, consequently, the high costs generated in the health system, improving women’s well-being.

scholarly journals Diagnosis of some genital-tract infections: part 2. Molecular tests and the new challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
David Taylor-Robinson ◽  
Patrick Horner ◽  
Anna Pallecaros
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Genital Tract Infections ◽  
On Line ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
At Home

Promptly and accurately diagnosing genital-tract infections is key to instituting appropriate treatment and control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Ano-genital tract testing for STIs in the last two decades has not entirely moved away from insensitive methods but it is now at least dominated by highly sensitive molecular methods. These tests can be ordered through the internet for use at home, with self-taken specimens then returned, usually by post, to a clinic or laboratory for testing. The increasing ease of access of the public to this situation, together with increasing on-line health-seeking behaviour, has resulted in a gap between commercial and NHS management pathways for STIs. Crucially, patients who order multiplex test kits on-line for use at home, and other non-specialists, may not realize that it is worthwhile testing only for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and possibly Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium if the person is symptomatic or their current partner is infected. The detection and recommended treatment of micro-organisms which to some extent are part of the genital-tract microbiome, such as Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma spp. or Gardnerella vaginalis, which do not cause symptoms in the majority of those infected, cannot be recommended. We argue that a shift from specialist-led to patient- and non-specialist-led STI management, in the presence of a clinical leadership vacuum, has increased the risk of inappropriate and unnecessary treatment which will drive macrolide, tetracycline and metronidazole antimicrobial resistance. However, in the past 5–6 years several groups have been able to show the value of on-line testing as a consequence of targeting the most important micro-organisms and using molecular tests to allow rapid and appropriately informed treatment. This should herald a brighter future, although there is still a need for leadership to expertly guide commercial and NHS sectors alike. In turn, this requires dedicated genito-urinary medicine commissioning to be maintained at a time when it appears to be most under threat.

scholarly journals Agents causing genital infections in routine cytological tests: frequency and characteristics of Papanicolaou smears

2022 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Carvalho ◽  
N. K. A. Porto ◽  
P. V. M. Azevedo ◽  
P. K. A. Magalhães ◽  
E. N. de Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Genital Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Urinary tract infections are responsible for most human infections, these are caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa and associated microorganisms. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of vaginal infection-causing agents in routine cytological exams and also to evaluate the characteristics of positive tested Pap smears. A retrospective documental with descriptive aspect research was performed in a Clinical Pathology laboratory from Maceió-AL. The results of the Pap smears exams for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp and HPV were arranged in a database as well as other data such as bacterial, protozoan, fungal and viral coinfections. The sample was composed by 18.645 women who have undergone Pap smear exams from 2013 to 2017. Of these analyzed exams, 27.4% in 2013, 10.9% in 2014, 10.6% in 2015, 15.2% in 2016 and 13.67% in 2017 were within normal range, however more than half of these exams presented some infections caused by unspecific or microbiological agents. By analyzing all the reports, 4.073 (21.84%) presented inflammations caused by some species of infectious agent with the following rate order: G. vaginalis and T. vaginalis. Furthermore, it was possible to confirm high rates of coinfection by and Candida spp. The rate of genital infections in this study highlights that there is a public health matter that must be controlled, which points a greater need for monitoring, guidance and actions towards greater awareness in order to prevent these problems.

scholarly journals Detection of Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis DNA in symptomatic women

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Focarelli ◽  
Vincenzo Rondinelli ◽  
Maria Gabriella Lepore ◽  
Pasquale Minchella ◽  
Raffaele Saraceno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Candida Spp

Host–Pathogen Interactions during Female Genital Tract Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 982-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Pekmezovic ◽  
Selene Mogavero ◽  
Julian R. Naglik ◽  
Bernhard Hube
Keyword(s):  
Genital Tract ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Genital Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Female Genital

scholarly journals Evaluating the Risk of Candida albicans Associated with Gestation amongst Women in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
T. Sampson ◽  
A. P. George
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
Tract Infections

Candidiasis is increasingly affecting women in developing countries, due to several factors relating to environmental and physiological conditions of the individual. Knowledge of the factors influencing the epidemiology of Candida spp. will be useful in formulating public health measures targeted at reducing the incidence of Candidiasis. This study was therefore conducted to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans amongst women in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, in order to decipher the epidemiology of Candida albicans in relation to age and gestation. A total of seventy (140) vaginal swab samples were collected from 70 pregnant and 70 non-pregnant women in Port Harcourt, and analyzed using standard microbiological methods. The result showed that 36% of the total women studied had Candida albicans while 64% were negative. In the overall analysis, the distribution of the yeast was 43% prevalent in pregnant and 29% in non-pregnant women. The risk of Candidiasis in pregnancy was evaluated using the Odds Ratio (OR) and was determined to be 1.88. Also, a paired sample t-test indicated a positive and strong statistical relationship between age distribution and the presence of Candida albicans in women, with a correlation coefficient of 0.911 (91.1%) (< 0.05), indicating a higher incidence among the older group, albeit lower in age groups close to menopause. The study concluded that the prevalence is higher in pregnant women, with a significant relationship with age. Regular screening of women for Candida spp. should be advocated and women should as well avoid conditions that dispose them to genital tract infections.

scholarly journals Identification of female genital tract infectious agents in patients treated for cytopathological diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
J. S. Borges ◽  
V. M. Giudice ◽  
R. N. Leandro ◽  
K. V. Martinez ◽  
L. P. R. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Vaginal Candidiasis ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Vaginal Sample

Vaginal candidiasis, fungal infection caused by species of Candida spp. that affects women of all ages, cultures, habits, social and economic conditions. The present study had as its main objective to determine the identification of Candida spp. isolated in a vaginal sample, collected together with the collection for the cytopathological exam, in women treated in a university extension project, aiming at allowing a suitable therapeutics afterwards. The extension project began in January 2014 to June 2019 at the UFRGS. The patients who sought the Laboratory of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis (LACT) of the Faculty of Pharmacy of UFRGS first answered a questionnaire to obtain epidemiological data. Cytopathological diagnosis, Papanicolao smear, and presence of Candida spp. yeast, culture and identification and Trichomonas vaginalis, light microscopy. During the study period, 227 patients, 25.11%, aged 15 to 82 years, presented positive culture for Candida spp. Six species were identified, C. albicans (40.35%), C. glabrata (28.07%) and C. parapsilosis, 15.79%. C. krusei, C. guilliermondii and C. tropicalis totaled (15.79%). Regarding the inflammatory process, present in 49.12%, in C. krusei (75%) and C. guilliermondii (100%), and absence in C. tropicalis. The correct diagnosis and treatment of patients with vaginal candidiasis, even if not considered sexually transmitted, enables to prevent contamination through direct contact, sexual or otherwise, with other individuals and the improvement of self-esteem and quality of life. The prevalence of Candida albicans is still the main cause of vaginal candidiasis, but not neglecting the increase in the number of cases associated with non-albicans species, as well as other infectious agents such as Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacteria. 

scholarly journals Aerococcus christensenii as Part of Severe Polymicrobial Chorioamnionitis in a Pregnant Woman

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catrine Carlstein ◽  
Lillian Marie Søes ◽  
Jens Jørgen Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Analysis ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Human Vagina ◽  
Genital Tract Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Chorioamnionitis is a potentially life threatening infection of the fetal membranes, commonly caused by ascending bacteria from the vagina and cervix. In our case, a healthy nullipara with a term pregnancy presented clinical signs of infection after induced labour with an intracervical balloon. Thick green and foul smelling amniotic fluid was observed and culture showed massive growth of Aerococcus christensenii, a facultative anaerob species found in the human vagina, previously only rarely alleged to cause invasive infection. Additional testing with 16S rRNA gene analysis also identified the presence of Gemella asaccharolytica, Snethia sanguinegens, Parvimonas micra and Streptobacillus moniliformis. The patient was treated with cefuroxime and metronidazole and recovered quickly. The newborn showed no signs of infection. This case points at the possible role of these pathogens in female genital tract infections. The case also underlines the importance of the combination of culture and culture independent diagnostic approaches to reveal possible polymicrobial natures of selected infections, in this case chorioamnionitis.

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