Evaluating the Risk of Candida albicans Associated with Gestation amongst Women in Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria

Candidiasis is increasingly affecting women in developing countries, due to several factors relating to environmental and physiological conditions of the individual. Knowledge of the factors influencing the epidemiology of Candida spp. will be useful in formulating public health measures targeted at reducing the incidence of Candidiasis. This study was therefore conducted to determine the prevalence of Candida albicans amongst women in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, in order to decipher the epidemiology of Candida albicans in relation to age and gestation. A total of seventy (140) vaginal swab samples were collected from 70 pregnant and 70 non-pregnant women in Port Harcourt, and analyzed using standard microbiological methods. The result showed that 36% of the total women studied had Candida albicans while 64% were negative. In the overall analysis, the distribution of the yeast was 43% prevalent in pregnant and 29% in non-pregnant women. The risk of Candidiasis in pregnancy was evaluated using the Odds Ratio (OR) and was determined to be 1.88. Also, a paired sample t-test indicated a positive and strong statistical relationship between age distribution and the presence of Candida albicans in women, with a correlation coefficient of 0.911 (91.1%) (< 0.05), indicating a higher incidence among the older group, albeit lower in age groups close to menopause. The study concluded that the prevalence is higher in pregnant women, with a significant relationship with age. Regular screening of women for Candida spp. should be advocated and women should as well avoid conditions that dispose them to genital tract infections.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans; hospital based study

10.1101/701201 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Albert Njeru ◽

Joseph Mwafaida

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Age Groups ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Culture Techniques ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tract Infections

AbstractBackgroundChlamydia and candidiasis have only mild or no symptoms at all. When symptoms develop, they are often mistaken for something else like urinary tract infections or yeast infections. These infections affect both men and woman of all backgrounds and economic levels.ObjectiveThe prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and Candida albicans (C.albicans) infections among attendees of Kilifi Medical Centre in Kilifi county, Kenya was studied.MethodologyUrethral and vaginal swabs samples were aseptically collected from 305 subjects, examined for Candida albicans and Chlamydia trachomatis using standard microbiological methods. The swabs were analyzed using direct wet smears, Gram-stained smear and culture techniques.ResultsOf the 305 participants, 181 (59.34%) females and 124 (40.66%) males were tested with the overall prevalence of 53.44 % for both Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans with females having a higher infection rate (35.14 %) for chlamydia and candidasis than men (17.71). Amongst the different age groups investigated, candida and chlamydia distribution was highest in participants aged 28-32 years (21.97 %).The infection rate of C.trachomatis (14.43 %) among the male participants was higher than the infection rate revealed among the female participants of 1.97 % while the infection rate of C.albicans was higher among the female participants (33.77 %) compared to the 3.28 % recorded in male participants with no co-infections revealed.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated a significant difference between male and female chlamydia and candida infections with women being severely affected than men. The study recommended routine screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) which is essential in preventing infections transmissions, assessment of the role of socio-demographic and behavioral risks on Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans, proper treatment of all candida and chlamydia by use of correct/effective medicines, contact tracing and treatment of sexual partners and health education.

Download Full-text

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections of Pregnant Women in Baghdad Hospitals

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal ◽

10.13005/bpj/1573 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1989-1994

Author(s):

Kais Kassim Ghaima ◽

Zainab Shaban Khalaf ◽

Alaa Aziz Abdulhassan ◽

Noor Yahya Salman

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Tract Infections

The aim of this study was investigating the drug resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from pregnant women with urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study included 1140 pregnant women attending two of main hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq, between September 2016 and August 2017. The isolation and identification of uropathogenic bacteria conducted by standard microbiological methods and Vitek2 system. The disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolated bacteria. The present study revealed that three hundred and fifty six isolates were positive for significant bacterial growth. Escherichia coli were the predominant bacteria (34 %) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22.2 %), Klebsiella spp. (14.6 %), non-coagulase Staphylococcus (11.5 %), Proteus spp. (4.5 %), Pseudomonas spp. (3.7 %), Acinetobacter spp. (2.8 %), Citrobacter (2.8 %), Enterococcus (2.5 %) and Enterobacter (1.4 %). High resistance to Ampicillin (85.6 %), Co-trimoxazole (72.2 %) and Tetracycline (71.3 %) was observed. Also, It was found a moderate resistance to Ceftazidime, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and Ceftriaxone. Imipenem was the most active antibiotic against isolated uropathogens. Among the 356 uropathogenic isolates, 196 (55 %) were from women in the 21 to 30 years old age group, and this rate was higher than other age groups. In conclusion, urinary tract infections are frequent among pregnant women. Early detection and continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance pattern is very important to determine the appropriate treatment of UTIs among pregnant women without complications.

Download Full-text

A RANDOMISED CONTROL STUDY TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF CEFUROXIME, CLARITHROMYCIN, AND LEVOFLOXACIN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2021.v14i10.42957 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 103-106

Author(s):

GOUTHAMI PADUGUNDLA ◽

JYOTHIRMAYEE V ◽

BETHALA RAVALI ◽

JAGILLAPURAM ARUNDHATHI ◽

THAKUR SRILATHA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Age Groups ◽

Efficacy Rate ◽

Pool Data ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Cure Rate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Background: The upper respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity mainly in children due to the fact that they mainly affect children. Accordingly, a study was conducted on antibiotics to compare the effectiveness of clarithromycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin for treating upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) in children. Methods: A prospective observational study for a period of 6 months was conducted in the pediatrics department of RVM hospital. Outpatients under the age of 14 years given antibiotics for the treatment of URTI were included in the study. A total of 99 study subjects were included in the study, divided into three groups each containing 33 sample sizes (clarithromycin, cefuroxime, and levofloxacin). Patient data was collected using a form and verbal consent was obtained from patients/patient representatives, and drugs were given using the lottery method. Follow-up was done and noted for the 3rd, 5th, 7th day through telephonic calls, and the collected data were evaluated using statistical analysis. Results: Pool data from 99 patients shows that many patients belong to 0–5 years age groups (age distribution), and males were more than female (gender distribution). Clarithromycin (cure rate 3 days) and cefuroxime (cure rate 5 days) showed an equal rate of cure percentage (94%), while levofloxacin for 3–5 days with a 3% failure rate. A significant difference of p<0.05 (p=0.000) was observed and no adverse events were noted. Conclusion: The study findings showed, out of 3 drugs, clarithromycin and cefuroxime showed an equal efficacy rate of 94%, but clarithromycin showed shorter duration of outcome, i.e., 3 days. Hence, clarithromycin is effective than the other two drugs in the treatment of URTI.

Download Full-text

Isolation and identification of Candida species from urogenital tract infections of women in Baghdad city

The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0e.404 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (0E) ◽

pp. 115-119

Author(s):

Mohammed J. Alwan

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Candida Species ◽

Urogenital Tract ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Urogenital Infection ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Vaginal Swabs ◽

Tract Infections

In order to determine Candida Species isolates that associated with urogenital infection in women,174 vaginal swabs and 66 urine samples were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women suffering from urogenital tract infection whom visted teaching Al-way hospital during the peroid from January to October 2011. The results showed that 32 out of 174 vaginal swabs were Candida Spp positive (18.3%), high percentage was reported in June and July (25%) for each one and no fungal isolates were recorded in March .The results also explained that high percentage of fungal isolates was recorded in pregnant women (68.7%) as comparing with non-pregnant women (31.2%) .Thirty –two fungal isolates were recorded which included : C.albicans(43.7%); C.tropicals(21.8%), C.prarapsilosis(12.5%) ;C.glabrata (9.3%);C. guilliermondii(6.2%); C. capitatum and C. krusei (3.1%) for each one . Also the study revealed that 9 out 66,(13.6%) of the urine samples were Candida spp positive which included : C.albicans was form high percentage (7.5%) followed by C.tropicals(4.5%) and C.glabrala (1.5%), these results indicated that albicans and non-albicans Candida may be associated with urogenital infection in women.

Download Full-text

Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil in The Treatment of Leucorrhea Caused by Candida Albicans Infection on Pregnant Women at Hospitals in Padang

JOURNAL OBGIN EMAS ◽

10.25077/aoj.5.2.223-232.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 223-232

Author(s):

Putri Zelfitri Zen ◽

Desmiwarti Desmiwarti ◽

Sumaryati Syukur

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Reproductive Health ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Health Problems ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Control Group ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Before And After

Introduction : According to WHO, the prevalence of reproductive health problems in women has reached 33% from all types of diseases. One of the most frequent reproductive health problems is fluor albus. The incidence of candidiasis in pregnant women has doubly increased, especially at third trimester, compared to women who were not pregnant. Candida should be considered a dangerous pathogen in early pregnancy.Objective : This study compared the number of colonies before and after the administration of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to address vaginal discharge caused by C. albicans infection in pregnant women.Material and methods : This is an experimental study on 36 pregnant women. Examination of fluor albus is done by applying vaginal swab before and after administration of 1 tablespoon of VCO orally three times a day dan 5cc of VCO was applied on the vagina and vulva for intervention group, meanwhile the control group was not given anything. Statistical analysis to test the significance is done by using T-test.Results : There was a difference on average number of colonies with higher number of colonies prior to administration (137.17 ± 16.35 vs 122.17 ± 14.42). The average number of colonies at the first examination was 96.06 ± 8.85 colonies and increased at the second examination to 112.89 ± 12.49 colonies.Conclusion : There was an effect of VCO administration on decreasing the number of colonies in the intervention group (p=0.000), while in control group, there was increasing average number of colonies in the second examination (p=0.000).Keywords: Candida albicans, fluor albus, pregnant women, virgin coconut oil

Download Full-text

Children and pregnant women are more likely to develop severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia：Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Suzhou: 2014 to 2018

10.21203/rs.3.rs-221498/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

yantian Lv ◽

Xiaojing Sun ◽

Ying Chen ◽

Ting Ruan ◽

Guopeng Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Age Distribution ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumonia ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Medical University ◽

Annual Proportion ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Pneumonia

Abstract Purpose To study the epidemic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumonia(MP) in the whole population and the clinical characteristics of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(SMMP). Methods We retrospectively analyzed 56474 patients with respiratory tract infections (RTIS) of the affiliated hospital of Nanjing medical university from 2014 to 2018. Serum particle agglutination (PA) was used to detect MP specific IgM antibody to confirm MP infection. Results A total of 56474 patients with RTIs were enrolled, and 15857 (28.13%) of patients with MP-IgM positive were detected. From 2014 to 2018, the annual proportion of MP RITs was 23.60%, 28.18%, 38.08%, 27.05% and 23.44%. In terms of seasonal distribution, April-June and September-November were the peak seasons each year. The proportion of MP RITs of children was significantly higher than that of adults in almost every year. The proportion of MP RITs of female was significantly higher in children and adults. The peak age of MP infection was between the age of 4 and 14 years old. There were 216 cases of SMPP patients, including 198 children and 18 adults (8 cases of pregnant women). Children and pregnant women were more likely to develop severe Mycoplasma pneumonia. SMMP patients had more extrapulmonary symptoms, multilobar infiltrates and pleural effusion, and increased CRP, LDH and WBC(p < 0.05). Conclusions This study shows that MP infection has a seasonal, gender, and age distribution trend, and SMMP is more likely to occur in children and pregnant women. Understanding these characteristics will contribute to timely diagnose and treat MP infection.

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Candida spp. and age-related disparities amongst women presenting with vaginitis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) Clinic in a Tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v20i1.9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 51-58

Author(s):

Chiaka Mbakwem-Aniebo ◽

Anwuli Uche Osadebe ◽

Eunice Athanasonny ◽

Iheanyi Omezurike Okonko

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Obstetrics And Gynaecology ◽

Age Related ◽

Port Harcourt ◽

Lower Genital Tract ◽

Vaginal Swabs

Background: Vaginitis, an infection of the lower genital tract in women, is known to be triggered by the overgrowth of the vagina’s naturally occurring microorganisms. Objective: This study looked at the prevalence of Candida spp. and age-related disparities amongst women presenting with vag- initis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology (O&G) clinic in a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred high vaginal swabs were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women and examined microscop- ically and microbiologically. Results: Age-group 20–29 years had the highest incidence of candidal vaginitis. There was a higher occurrence of yeast cells in pregnant than in non-pregnant participants while the non-pregnant women had a greater level of bacterial cells. Forty (40) of the samples contained yeasts of Candida species representing a 40% prevalence. Three species of Candida were identified with C. albicans dominating. Of the 40 samples positive for Candida spp., 30 (75.0%) were confirmed to be C. albicans. The remaining isolates were C. tropicalis (15.0%) and C. parapsilosis (10.0%). Conclusion: The findings in this study would play a role in the future management of Candida-induced vaginitis. Keywords: Candida; epidemiology; prevalence; vaginitis; vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Download Full-text

Catheterized-bladder environment induces hyphal Candida albicans formation, promoting fungal colonization and persistence.

10.1101/2021.06.01.446547 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alyssa A La Bella ◽

Marissa J. Andersen ◽

Alex Molesan ◽

Peter V Stuckey ◽

Felipe H Santiago-Tirado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Urinary Catheter ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Fungal Colonization ◽

Invasive Infection ◽

Morphological Transition ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Poor Understanding ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Hospital Acquired

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a serious public health problem and account for approximately 40% of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. Candida spp are a major causative agent of CAUTI (17.8%) – specifically Candida albicans – that has steadily increased to become the second most common CAUTI uropathogen 1 . Yet, there is poor understanding of the molecular details of how C. albicans attaches, grows in the bladder, forms biofilms, survives, and persists during CAUTI 2 . Understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to CAUTI and invasive fungal infection will give insights into the development of more effective therapies, which are needed due to the spread of antifungal resistance and complex management of CAUTI in patients that require a urinary catheter 3 . Here, we characterize the ability of five Candida albicans clinical and laboratory strains to colonize the urinary catheter, grow and form biofilm in urine, and their ability to cause CAUTIs using our mouse model. Analysis of C. albicans strains revealed that growth in urine promotes morphological transition from yeast to hyphae, which is important for invasive infection. Additionally, we found that biofilm formation was dependent on the presence of fibrinogen, a protein released on the bladder to promote bladder healing 4,5 . Furthermore, deletion of hyphae regulatory genes resulted in defective bladder and catheter colonization and abolished dissemination. These results indicate that novel antifungal therapies preventing the morphological transition of C. albicans from yeast to hyphae have considerable promise for the treatment of fungal CAUTIs.

Download Full-text

Contraception as a Risk Factor of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among Women Attending Outpatient of Al-Batool Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children-Baqubah-Iraq

AL-Kindy College Medical Journal ◽

10.47723/kcmj.v13i1.117 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 20-26

Author(s):

Sawsan Talib Salman

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Contraceptive Device ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraception Use ◽

Tract Infections

Background:The effects of contraception on Trichomonas vaginalis have important implications for women who suffer from infections associated with disruptions in the vaginal ecology, such as bacterial vaginitis and urinary tract infections. Objective: To find the association of the common types of contraceptions with the Trichomonasvaginalis infection in women admitted to the Al-BatoolTeaching Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baqubah city. Type of study: Cross-sectional study Methods: This study consist of 75 women with contraception use and71 apparently healthy non contraception user women admitted to outpatient in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baqubah City, Diyala. Iraq during the period from 1st January 2016 till 31th December 2016. After full history and clinical examination, high vaginal swab took from posterior fornix of vagina and general urine examination, all samples were examined by wet mount preparation under the microscope for the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis and gram-stained smears for the presence of Candida albicans, then all results were recorded. Results:. Minimum age was 18 year and maximum was 47 year, infection rate of Trichomonas vaginalis was 41(45.66%) among contraception user and 6(8.45%) among contraception non- user while Candida albicans was 18(24%) and 1(1.40%) respectively, the highest frequency of infection 23 cases was diagnosed in the age group (29-39 year) among contraception user while 4 cases in age group (18-28) contraception non-user. On the other hand there was no significant correlation between age, parity, duration of marriage and infection and using of contraception. Marginal significant correlation between the type of contraception and infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. While no significant correlation between types of contraception, infection and duration of contraception use. Conclusion: Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis significantly correlated to use of intrauterine contraceptive device and combined oral contraceptive pills, so great attention should be paid to those women for diagnosis and treatment.

Download Full-text

Clinical patterns and risk factors of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age attending a tertiary hospital in central India

Stamford Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3329/sjm.v9i1.45655 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 27-31

Author(s):

Rafat Siddiqui

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Age Groups ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Vaginal Candidiasis ◽

Age Group ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Clinical Criteria

Vulvo-vaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is the most common fungal infection in women of reproductive age. Data related to distribution and risk factors are very limited in India. This study was designed to observe the prevalence of VVC among women of reproductive age group, find the species of Candida causing such infection and find the risk factors associated with VVC. All female patients in the childbearing age group, fulfilling the clinical criteria of vaginitis, reported between January 2016 and June 2017 were included in this study. Standard procedures were followed to collect vaginal swabs. Culture and microscopic examinations were done to isolate Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida (NAC) from the specimens. Descriptive and analytic statistics was used to illustrate the basic and disease characteristics of the study participants. The odds-ratio (OR) associated with each potential risk factor at 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. All results were considered significant at P<0.05. Out of total 168 subjects, 32.7% showed pure growth of Candida species and NAC species were found to be predominant (65.4%) followed by C. albicans (34.6%). Maximum Candida positivity was found in age group 21-30 years (60%) compared to other age groups (P<0.05). Candida positivity was found to be higher among pregnant (45.0%) than non-pregnant (28.9%) women (P<0.05) suggests that pregnant women are twice at odds for developing VVC as compared to non-pregnant women. The higher positivity in patients of vaginal discharge with pruritus was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). One in three patients was found to be positive for VVC and NAC was more prevalent as compared to candida albicans. This study concluded that pregnant women are at risk for VVC. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.9(1) 2019: 27-31

Download Full-text