Preparing for Racial Discrimination and Moving beyond Reactive Coping: a Systematic Review

Racial discrimination is a commonly experienced stressor among African American that occurs in various forms. The stressful qualities of racial discrimination are highlighted by how such events are often cognitively appraised and the negative mental health outcomes associated with such racial stressors. Traditionally, existing conceptual models of racial discrimination have characterized the reactive experiences of African Americans, particularly identifying how African American typically respond cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally. Moving forward, it is vital that the conceptual models of racial discrimination extend beyond the reactive experience and further identify nuances in the anticipatory and preparatory processes associated with racial discrimination. As such, the current review draws upon a model of proactive coping (Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997) to begin conceptualizes how African American may cope with anticipated discriminatory experiences and propose future research directions for generating conceptual models that more comprehensively capture experiences of racial stress among African Americans.

Download Full-text

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Role in Co-Ordinating SARS-CoV-2 Entry and Symptomatology: Linking Cytotoxicity Changes in COVID-19 and Cancers; Modulation by Racial Discrimination Stress

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology9090249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 249 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

George Anderson ◽

Annalucia Carbone ◽

Gianluigi Mazzoccoli

Keyword(s):

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Inflammatory Cytokine ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Pg E2 ◽

Minority Ethnic

There is an under-recognized role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in co-ordinating the entry and pathophysiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that underpins the COVID-19 pandemic. The rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines during the ‘cytokine storm’ induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), leading to an increase in kynurenine that activates the AhR, thereby heightening the initial pro-inflammatory cytokine phase and suppressing the endogenous anti-viral response. Such AhR-driven changes underpin the heightened severity and fatality associated with pre-existent high-risk medical conditions, such as type II diabetes, as well as to how racial discrimination stress contributes to the raised severity/fatality in people from the Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities. The AhR is pivotal in modulating mitochondrial metabolism and co-ordinating specialized, pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), the melatonergic pathways, acetyl-coenzyme A, and the cyclooxygenase (COX) 2-prostaglandin (PG) E2 pathway that underpin ‘exhaustion’ in the endogenous anti-viral cells, paralleling similar metabolic suppression in cytolytic immune cells that is evident across all cancers. The pro-inflammatory cytokine induced gut permeability/dysbiosis and suppression of pineal melatonin are aspects of the wider pathophysiological underpinnings regulated by the AhR. This has a number of prophylactic and treatment implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancers and future research directions that better investigate the biological underpinnings of social processes and how these may drive health disparities.

Download Full-text

Cognitive Risks

The Oxford Handbook of Stress and Mental Health ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190681777.013.17 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 370-396

Author(s):

Tina H. Schweizer ◽

Benjamin L. Hankin

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Models ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory ◽

Units Of Analysis ◽

Cognitive Risk ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Risk Processes

This chapter focuses on how several prominent cognitive risk processes (attention bias, overgeneral autobiographical memory, executive functioning difficulties) and products (negative inferential style, dysfunctional attitudes, depressive rumination) may translate stress into different forms of prevalent psychopathologies, including internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety) and externalizing disorders (e.g., conduct disorder). First, prominent conceptual models are presented that explain how cognitive risks relate to psychopathology and the interplay between stress and cognition in contributing to psychopathology. Second, the chapter describes how cognitive risks have typically been conceptualized and measured, and it reviews evidence on associations between each cognitive risk and different psychopathologies. Third, three conceptual models are presented that can be used to organize and understand the relations among stress, cognition, and psychopathology—(1) vulnerability-stress, (2) mechanism, and (3) transactional/bidirectional. Last, key future research directions are highlighted, including integrating cognitive risks across multiple units of analysis and establishing a taxonomy of cognitive risk.

Download Full-text

Systematic review of manufacturing strategy studies focusing on congruence aspect

Benchmarking An International Journal ◽

10.1108/bij-02-2021-0103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Vishwas Dohale ◽

Milind M. Akarte ◽

Priyanka Verma

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Future Research ◽

Manufacturing Strategy ◽

Research Directions ◽

Content Type ◽

Empirical Survey ◽

Current Review ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Art Research

PurposeThis study provides a systematic review of the literature within the manufacturing strategy (MS) domain focusing on the congruence aspect of different strategic functions to determine the state-of-the-art research progression and the trend of publications.Design/methodology/approachWe have adopted a five-stage review methodology consisting - 1) Article Identification; 2) Inclusion/Exclusion; 3) Review of the Articles; 4) Literature Analysis; 5) Future research directions. 121 articles focusing on congruence aspects and specific to the MS domain are identified and reviewed. Bibliometric analysis comprising keyword co-occurrence using a VOSviewer© software, and citation analysis is performed. Further, content analysis is carried out to categorize articles based on the type of research methodology, type of tool/method used, and aspects considered for congruence study.FindingsBased on the research gaps identified in the existing literature on the congruence aspect within the MS domain, this study offers future research directions. Majorly, the work found is an empirical survey. Literature scants to develop a framework that helps to quantify the congruence between two strategic functions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study facilitates researchers and practitioners to understand the congruence between different strategic aspects studied in the literature and the level of fit between them. Further, the identified research directions can encourage researchers and practitioners to conceive novel approaches to conduct future works on congruence theme.Originality/valueThe unicity of the current review lies in its theme, i.e. congruence aspect within MS. To the best of author's knowledge, no comparable study is observed to review the congruence aspect in any other domain.

Download Full-text

Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations Following Resistance Exercise Training

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1121-7851 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (06) ◽

pp. 349-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hailey A. Parry ◽

Michael D. Roberts ◽

Andreas N. Kavazis

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽

Future Research ◽

Resistance Exercise Training ◽

Research Directions ◽

Current Review ◽

Mitochondrial Volume ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Older Populations

AbstractIt is universally accepted that resistance training promotes increases in muscle strength and hypertrophy in younger and older populations. Although less investigated, studies largely suggest resistance training results in lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume; a phenomenon which has been described as a “dilution of the mitochondrial volume” via resistance training. While this phenomenon is poorly understood, it is likely a result of muscle fiber hypertrophy outpacing mitochondrial biogenesis. Critically, there is no evidence to suggest resistance training promotes a net loss in mitochondria. Further, given the numerous reports suggesting resistance training does not decrease and may even increase VO2max in previously untrained individuals, it is plausible certain aspects of mitochondrial function may be enhanced with resistance training, and this area warrants further research consideration. Finally, there are emerging data suggesting resistance training may affect mitochondrial dynamics. The current review will provide an in-depth discussion of these topics and posit future research directions which can further our understanding of how resistance training may affect skeletal muscle mitochondrial physiology.

Download Full-text