scholarly journals Towards a Patent Pool for HIV Medicines: The Background

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Childs
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
First Line ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Patent Pool ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Systematic Solution ◽  
Foreign Ministry

Recent WHO guidelines for antiretroviral therapy recommend switching to less toxic, but more expensive medicines for first-line and second-line ART, raising questions about the financial sustainability of many AIDS treatment programmes. At the same time, many key generic producing countries such as India now grant pharmaceutical product patents so competition between multiple manufacturers will not be able to play the role it has in bringing down the price of newer drugs. Overcoming these patent barriers will require a range of solutions, such as restricting patentability criteria, or compulsory licensing. One additional systematic solution is provided by the patent pool, a collective solution to the management of patent rights, initially presented by Médecins Sans Frontières to the French Foreign Ministry and subsequently the UNITAID Executive Board in 2006. A patent pool must not be implemented at any costs, but answer medical needs, be based on economic realities and meet the access needs of the developing world, including middle-income countries.

Compulsory Licenses: A Tool to Improve Global Access to the HPV Vaccine?

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 323-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Maybarduk ◽  
Sarah Rimmington
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hpv Vaccines ◽  
Generic Competition ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Pricing Power ◽  
Voluntary Basis

AbstractCervical cancer disproportionately affects women in lower- and middle-income countries. But the new vaccines developed to prevent infection with some strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause cervical cancer are priced beyond the reach of most women and health agencies in these regions, due in part to the monopoly pricing power of brand-name companies that hold the patents on the vaccines. Compulsory licenses, which authorize generic competition with patented products, could expand access to HPV vaccines under certain circumstances. If high-quality biogeneric HPV vaccines can be produced at low cost and be broadly and efficiently registered, and if Merck and GSK are unwilling to grant licenses on a voluntary basis, compulsory licensing could play a pivotal role in ensuring vaccinations against HPV are available to all, around the world, regardless of ability to pay.

Tenofovir resistance in early and long-term treated patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in eight low-income and middle-income countries

AIDS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (13) ◽  
pp. 1965-1969
Author(s):  
Seth C. Inzaule ◽  
Michael R. Jordan ◽  
Amandine Cournil ◽  
Amalia Girón-Callejas ◽  
Santiango Avila-Rios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
First Line ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

scholarly journals Dolutegravir for first-line antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries: uncertainties and opportunities for implementation and research

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e400-e404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jienchi Dorward ◽  
Richard Lessells ◽  
Paul K Drain ◽  
Kogieleum Naidoo ◽  
Tulio de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
First Line ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

scholarly journals Long-term Virological Outcomes of First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-1 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1453-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sonia Boender ◽  
Kim C. E. Sigaloff ◽  
James H. McMahon ◽  
Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul ◽  
Michael R. Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
First Line ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Virological Outcomes ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Prices versus costs of production for molnupiravir as a COVID-19 treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hill ◽  
Leah Ellis ◽  
Junzheng Wang ◽  
Toby Pepperrell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Income ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Patent Pool ◽  
International Prices ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
Made In

Abstract Background Molnupiravir has been recently approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of COVID-19 for showing promising survival benefits in clinical trials. This analysis will estimate and compare potential generic minimum costs of molnupiravir as well as observe countries eligible for pricing discounts as agreed by Merck and The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP). Methods Drug prices were searched for molnupiravir using active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) data extracted from global shipping records. This was compared with national pricing data from a range of low, medium, and high-income countries. Annual API export volumes from India were used to estimate the current availability. Trends of molnupiravir drugs prices were also evaluated for the last 6-month period. Mean daily COVID-19 diagnosis rates were calculated for the countries eligible for voluntary licensing. Results Molnupiravir can be generically manufactured at the very low per-course cost of $9.00. Over the past 6 months, prices of molnupiravir have fallen significantly, and when comparing reported international prices, we found wide variations between countries. Only 9% of diagnosed patients worldwide were in the countries eligible for voluntary licensing. Conclusions Prices of molnupiravir range from $20 to $750 per course. Only 9% of worldwide COVID-19 diagnoses are made in countries covered by voluntary licenses. Middle income countries not eligible for voluntary licensing may need to issue compulsory licenses to secure access to molnupiravir at affordable prices.

scholarly journals Cancer medicines in Asia and Asia-Pacific: What is available, and is it effective enough?

ESMO Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e000483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Eniu ◽  
Nathan I Cherny ◽  
Melanie Bertram ◽  
Sumitra Thongprasert ◽  
Jean-Yves Douillard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Government Reimbursement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Out Of Pocket Costs

This review article is an overview of the session at the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Asia 2018 Congress entitled: 'Cancer medicines in Asia and Asia-Pacific: What is available, and is it effective enough?'. The article provides an overview of the session speakers’ views on the impact that the lack of accessibility and availability of medicines has on patient outcomes in the treatment of breast cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer, responsible for more than one-third of cancer deaths in the Asian region. It also lists the various global policy initiatives that ESMO supports to promote the best cancer care in the Asian and Asia-Pacific region. The review presents extrapolated data from the ‘ESMO International Consortium Study on the availability, out-of-pocket costs and accessibility of antineoplastic medicines in countries outside of Europe’, which reveals several disparities among Asian countries, across the different income levels. In low- and middle-income countries, some barriers to the accessibility of anticancer medicines include the lack of government reimbursement, budget allocation for healthcare and quality-assured generic and biosimilar medicines, as well as shortages and patent rights. Throughout the article, the session presenters provide their views on strategies that can be considered to overcome these barriers.

Ending Drug Registration Apartheid: Taming Data Exclusivity and Patent/Registration Linkage

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 303-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brook K. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Rich Country ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Data Exclusivity ◽  
Drug Registration ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
The Rich

The pharmaceutical industry's dependence on intellectual property rights (IPRs), especially patents, to exclude competitors and thereby recoup past expenditures, incentivize future investments in research and development (R&D), and maximize profits is well known. Although initially content to solidify patent rights in the rich-country markets of North America, Europe, and Japan, in the last quarter of the 20th century the industry has increasingly turned its attention to emerging markets in Latin America, Asia, and even Africa as sites of future market expansion. Big middle-income countries like Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia have growing middle classes that increasingly favor allopathic medicine over the more traditional medicines of their elders. Obtaining monopoly rights in these growing markets could help the pharmaceutical industry weather the storm of increased consumer, business, and government blow-back against supra-competitive drug prices charged in rich country markets.

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