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SENTRALISASI ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Putri Noviati ◽  
Elva Nuraina ◽  
Nur Wahyuning Sulistyowati

This study aims to analyze PT INKA's export marketing strategy towards competitive advantage until 2018. Researchers use primary and secondary data sources with interview and documentation data collection techniques. The results of the study revealed that PT. INKA has: (1) Strength, very competitive pricing power and strong human resources, especially the marketing team, in addition to the influence of marketing assistance from the ambassador (RI for overseas); (2) Weaknesses in the export marketing strategy lie in production, one of which is engines and wheels which are still imported by China, which does not yet have the International Railway Industry Standard Certification (IRIS); (3) Opportunities, can make efforts to further strengthen the penetration of Indonesian companies in the African region; (4) Threats, to providers of facilities and infrastructure needs that must be obtained from imports from other countries, besides that competitors are afraid to dare to reduce interest costs or extend the tenor for the purchase of goods. The high taxes that must be issued for the delivery of goods are the biggest threat, this is confirmed by the informants.


2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Wang ◽  
Yangyang Liang ◽  
Zhong Zheng

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate manufacturer encroachment and distributor encroachment in a three-echelon supply chain consisting of an upside manufacturer, an intermediate distributor and a downside retailer.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors use the optimization theory to mathematize the proposed question and build a model. First, the authors consider sequential quantity decisions, where the encroacher decides on the direct selling quantity after determining the retailer's order quantity. Second, the authors relax this sequential decision process assumption by reconsidering a circumstance in which quantity decisions are decided simultaneously.FindingsIn contrast to previous studies, this study shows that in three-echelon supply chains, the upside firm is more likely to encroach compared with the downside firm. The “bright side” of encroachment exists for all players only when the encroachment cost is at a moderate level. However, in manufacturer encroachment under simultaneous quantity decisions, the “bright side” skips the distributor but benefits the retailer directly as the encroachment cost increases from zero to a certain level. The main reason lies in that the distributor loses its pricing power because the end-market has been disturbed by the simultaneous quantity decisions. A comparison of the results of sequential and simultaneous quantity decisions reveals the merit of simultaneous quantity decisions. The authors find that the intermediate role (the distributor in our model) in three-echelon supply chains may benefit more from simultaneous quantity decisions. That is, the distributor may achieve a better profit even in a market with intensified competition.Originality/valueThe findings of this paper contribute to the marketing science literature on encroachment. The majority of existing literature has focused on manufacturer encroachment in two-echelon supply chains. This paper innovatively investigates and compares manufacturer encroachment and distributor encroachment in a three-echelon supply chain.


Significance Department store and speciality retailers head into December, the month that makes or breaks their annual profits, in better shape than for many years. Raising profitability, the pandemic accelerated the shuttering of unprofitable stores, expanded e-commerce and tightened inventory management. Revenue was boosted by consumers spending more on goods and less on in-person services during lockdowns Impacts Newfound pricing power is helping retailers offset rising labour, shipping and stock costs. Inflation will disproportionately inflate sales values compared with sales volumes. Surveys suggest that consumers think the pandemic has permanently changed shopping habits more than retailers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Bingqin Dai ◽  
Nian Liu ◽  
Zhaoquan Jian

Many suppliers invest in product development for market expansion via product development efforts. However, not all suppliers have accumulated market information, which is a critical factor for efficient product development that helps suppliers know consumer preferences better. Being aware of this, some e-tailers (e.g., JD.com) provide market information and data insights for their suppliers, which improves the latter’s product development efficiency. Supported by the market information, the market potential of suppliers’ products can be enlarged and their pricing power may be strengthened, which affects e-tailers from both positive and negative aspects. Based on these observations, we investigate an e-tailer’s incentive to share market information to its suppliers by formulating the tradeoffs among market expansion, product development efficiency, and suppliers’ pricing decisions. We find that the e-tailer prefers sharing market information with its suppliers when the latter’s product development efficiency is high, or the product development efficiency is high but the efficiency improvement rate is high.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 3462-3469
Author(s):  
Fan Enze

Objectives: In order to study the communication channels and modes of tobacco brands, cigarette rolling brand marketing strategy under the new normal of tobacco economy is researched in this paper. Methods: T city is selected as the research sample of cigarette brand construction and marketing. Through the analysis of the current situation of T City, this paper puts forward the guiding ideology of cigarette cultivation, and puts forward the basic strategy system of brand marketing. Results: Brand building is a scientific process. The tobacco industry must avoid brand building speculation, because the opportunity cost of brand reconstruction is huge, and there is a risk of completely losing market dominance. The foundation of brand building is to convert the buying point with zero cost selected by target customers into the selling point of products to obtain pricing power. Conclusion: The advantages of tobacco brand’s own products should be transmitted to target customers through planning from three aspects: the first is to clarify the competitive advantages of its own products; the second is to refine the core value of the brand; the third is the dissemination of brand positioning.


Author(s):  
Jakob Shida

Abstract Based on panel error correction models for a sample of up to 21 countries, this paper analyses the macroeconomic determinants of house prices and rents. In accordance with the existing literature, I find significantly positive effects of per capita income and bank lending on house prices, whereas the housing stock per capita and interest rates have negative effects. For rents, the results are somewhat more remarkable, indicating that both the housing stock and interest rates have a negative effect. While contradicting conventional economic theory, the latter finding might be explained by real estate investors exploiting their pricing power with varying degree depending on the level of real interest rates. Moreover, the estimated impact of interest rates on both house prices and rents varies with structural housing market characteristics. For instance, while interest rates have a more pronounced effect on house prices in countries with more developed mortgage markets, the same does not hold for the effect of interest rates on rents.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Awdeh ◽  
Chawki El Moussawi ◽  
Hassan Hamadi

Abstract The Middle East North Africa (MENA) region is witnessing a wave of bank consolidations, with many mega-mergers taking place in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. These will result in creating large banks, reducing the number of market players and increasing market concentration; which is already high. A further increase in concentration may raise concerns about the resulting dominance of large banks and the consequences on their pricing behaviour. The interrelationships between market structure and pricing behaviour is summarised by the popular model of industrial economics called the structure–conduct–performance (SCP) model. Consequently, we test the prevalence of this model in a sample of 15 MENA banking sectors to detect the possible existence of an impact running particularly from the structure of banking markets to the pricing behaviour (power) of banks in order to predict a possible emergence of oligopolistic behaviour following bank consolidations. Using a two-stage least squares model, we found a positive and significant impact of market concentration on bank pricing, suggesting that an further increase in MENA banking markets’ concentration may boost banks pricing power and persuade them to increase their returns at the expense of their customers.


Market Forces ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sajid ◽  
Mohammad Arsalan ◽  
Muhammad Tahir Khan ◽  
Muhammad Sufyan Ramish

Our study uses the consumption-based asset-pricing power utility model to test theEquity Risk Premium (ERP) puzzle in Pakistan. The study has collected monthly stock pricedata from July 1997 to December 2017 from the PSX data portal. We extracted informationabout macroeconomic factors such as inflation and risk-free interest rate from the State Bankof Pakistan. Moreover, the study used private consumption and population data from thePakistan Bureau of Statistics. The results suggest that the ERP puzzle has a strong occurrencein Pakistan, a phenomenon previously associated with only developed markets. Onedisadvantage of the present investigation is the small sample size. A longer time durationcould have reduced short-term biases. Past researchers have suggested different approachesfor solving the equity premium puzzle. For instance, some studies used improvised structuralmodels to justify the equity risk premium puzzle using macroeconomic factors.


2021 ◽  
pp. 14-37
Author(s):  
Neumann Peter J. ◽  
Cohen Joshua T. ◽  
Ollendorf Daniel A

This chapter describes how prescription drug markets deviate from “normal” competitive markets. On the demand side, there is considerable uncertainty in disease prognosis and treatment effects; buyers have much less information than sellers; consumers usually do not pay directly for their prescriptions but rather have health insurance, which protects them from a drug’s full price; and physicians and insurers play a major role in consumer choices. On the supply side, firms are heavily regulated, subject to laws requiring that drugs undergo extensive testing before entering the marketplace. Monopolies are a system feature, designed to incentivize companies to invest in expensive and risky drug discovery by providing the prospect of a big payoff if the investment succeeds. Patents and market exclusivity restrict competition and provide drug developers considerable pricing power. The challenge for policymakers is how to achieve reasonable or fair drug prices in light of these market distortions.


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