Death, Anxiety, and Depression: A Comparison between Egyptian, Kuwaiti, and Lebanese Undergraduates

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek
Keyword(s):  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Death Depression

Three samples of male and female undergraduates were recruited from Egypt ( N=208), Kuwait ( N=215), and Lebanon ( N=228). The Death Anxiety Scale, Death Depression Scale, Trait Anxiety Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to participants in small group sessions in each country. Alpha reliabilities of the four scales in the three nations ranged from almost satisfactory to high levels. In death anxiety, Lebanese subjects had significantly the lowest mean score. As for death depression in males, Kuwaitis attained the highest mean score, while the Lebanese had the lowest. In females, Egyptians and Kuwaitis had the highest mean death depression scores, while the Lebanese attained the lowest. Regarding the trait anxiety, female Egyptians had the highest mean score, while the Lebanese attained the lowest. The differences between the mean scores of the three nations in the Beck Depression Inventory were not statistically significant. By and large, the gender differences were significant denoting the higher mean scores of females than their male counterparts.

scholarly journals Métodos de rastreamento da ansiedade e depressão em estudantes universitários: revisão integrativa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (60) ◽  
pp. 4686-4695
Author(s):  
Maira Gabriela Paetzold ◽  
Ligiane De Lourdes Silva ◽  
Márcia Regina Simões
Keyword(s):  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Beck Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Stress Scale

Objetivo: A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura de instrumentos utilizados no rastreamento de depressão, ansiedade e misto (ambos) em amostras de estudantes de graduação. Método: a pesquisa ocorreu na base de dados PubMed, de 2009 até 2019. Resultados: Inicialmente foram encontrados 895 artigos, dos quais 345 foram incluídos após a leitura dos títulos e resumos; destes, 316 foram recuperados e posteriormente 176 foram excluídos após a leitura na íntegra, totalizando 140 artigos. Conclusão: Os instrumentos mais utilizados foram: a) Ansiedade: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (n=19) e State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (n=17); b) Depressão: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (n=35); e c) Misto: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (n=40) e Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (n=19). O curso mais avaliado foi Medicina e os países com mais produções de artigos foram China (n=24) e Estados Unidos (n=20). O Brasil publicou apenas 7 artigos.

Death, Anxiety, and Depression in Lebanese Undergraduates

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek
Keyword(s):  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Neurotic Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Trait ◽  
Psychometric Instruments

A Lebanese sample of undergraduates ( n = 228) responded to the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS), Death Depression Scale (DDS), general anxiety (Trait Anxiety; STAI-T), and general depression (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI). Administration of the psychometric instruments was carried out in March 1991, after the cessation of the civil war in Lebanon, which had lasted for sixteen years. Alpha reliabilities were either acceptable or high. The DDS has a meaningful factorial structure. All of the intercorrelations ( r) between the four scales were statistically significant Foremost among them are the following: DAS and DDS r = .709, STAI-T and BDI r = .486, DAS and STAI-T r = .198, DDS and BDI r = .215. Two orthogonal factors were extracted: death distress and general neurotic disorder. The main results are in keeping with previous results on Egyptian and U.S. participants. There is a need to test the differences of the total scores of the aforementioned four scales between the Egyptian and Lebanese samples.

Death Discomfort Differential

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Triplett ◽  
David Cohen ◽  
Wilbert Reimer ◽  
Sharon Rinaldi ◽  
Curtis Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Item Scale ◽  
Death Depression

The differential correlations of death depression and death anxiety were explored. Death anxiety was more highly correlated with general anxiety, the four subscales of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale, female gender, and less religiosity. Death depression was more associated with general depression. Such differentiation could not be made with the raw scores of the Death Depression Scale and the Death Anxiety Scale. A differentiation was made, however, using a new ten-item scale based upon factor scores of the two above scales.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Anxiety, Depression, and Biological Markers in Health Professionals with Burnout 

Folia Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
Tanya I. Deneva ◽  
Youri P. Ianakiev
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Depressive States

Introduction: Medical profession is a stress factor for the development of burnout, symptoms of anxiety and depression as a result of 24-hour work, delayed work-life balance gratification and challenges associated with patient care.&nbsp; Aim: This study aimed to verify the rates of burnout, anxiety, and depression presented by health professionals working 24-hour shifts under emergency conditions. Saliva cortisol and glycated hemoglobin were also studied as stress-related biomarkers.&nbsp; Materials and methods: Ninety-five medical professionals &ndash; physicians, biologists, chemists, and laboratory technicians were compared to a control group working outside medicine. Burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Anxiety and depression were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Depression Scale. Salivary cortisol and glycated hemoglobin were analyzed by the immunoassay methods.&nbsp; Results: The level of burnout in the subscale of emotional exhaustion was high in 95.6% of medical professionals. In the subscale of personal accomplishment, 100% had high scores. Regarding the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 22.2% and 68.9% of the medical specialists showed a positive score (&ge;40) for S-anxiety and T-anxiety scale, respectively. 11.1% indicated greater anxiety (score &ge; 55) for T-anxiety. In relation to the depression scale, 31.1% had mildly depressive states and 8.9% had moderately depressive states. Participants with a high level of emotional exhaustion presented higher results for saliva cortisol and glycated hemoglobin compared to the control group. A significant positive correlation existed between the two dimensions - emotional exhaustion and depression (r=0.683, p<0.01). Conclusions: Our study may be relevant for further research in order to decrease the negative aspects of professional stress.

Attitudes toward Death, Anxiety, and Social Desirability

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis S. Dickstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Attitudes Toward Death ◽  
Males And Females

Thirty-four male and thirty-four female undergraduates completed four scales of attitudes toward death including the Death Concern Scale, the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, the Tolor and Reznikoff Death Anxiety Scale, and the Fear of Death and Dying Scale, as well as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The four death scales showed moderate commonality reflecting, on average, 35 per cent common variance for both males and females. For females, a substantial portion of this commonality could be attributed to correlations between the death scales and trait anxiety whereas for males there was stronger evidence for the discriminant validity of the death scales. Three of the four death scales showed significant negative correlations with social desirability. There were no significant sex differences on the death scales.

Are Death Anxiety and Death Depression Distinct Entities?

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Alvarado ◽  
Donald I. Templer ◽  
Charles Bresler ◽  
Shan Thomas-Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Life Factor ◽  
Death Depression

Subjective distress about the matter of death is widely recognized by thanatology scholars to be multiple faceted. Although there are several instruments that assess anxiety or fear regarding death, until recently there had been no instrument reported in the literature for measuring depression pertaining to death. In the present study the fifteen-item Death Anxiety Scale and the more recently constructed seventeen-item Death Depression Scale were correlated, and their combined thirty-two items were factor analyzed. The two scales correlated .55. Factor 1 was labeled “death anxiety” and its five highest factor loadings were with Death Anxiety Scale items. Factor 2 was labeled “death depression” and its five highest factor loadings were with Death Depression Scale items. Factors 3 and 4 each had the highest factor loadings on both Death Anxiety Scale and Death Depression Scale items and were respectively called “death of others” and “brevity of life.” Factor 5 was called “meaning-lessness of life” and its highest factor loadings were with Death Depression Scale items. It was concluded that the two death attitude instruments do have discriminant validity in relationship to each other. Also, suggestions were made for the combined use of these two scales.

Death Anxiety, Death Depression, Death Distress, and Death Discomfort Differential: Adolescent-Parental Correlations in Filipino and American Populations

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert Reimer ◽  
Donald I. Templer
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Death Depression

In both an American and Filipino population considerable family resemblance in death anxiety, death depression, and death distress was found. In both populations the death attitude measures of adolescents correlated with those of their parents, but the correlations were higher between the mothers and fathers. Most of the correlations were higher for the Filipino than for the American participants, and it was suggested that this is a function of closer family life in the Philippines. Although family resemblance on the Death Anxiety Scale was first reported by Templer, Ruff, and Franks [1] and confirmed by subsequent authors, the present study was the first study that addressed family resemblance on the more recently constructed Death Depression Scale or death distress (the sum of the z scores of Death Anxiety Scale and Death Depression Scale). In the American population, Catholics had significantly higher death anxiety and death depression and death distress scores than Protestants, and Hispanics had significantly higher death anxiety, death depression, and death distress scores than Euro-Americans. Clinical and research implications were discussed.

Smoking Related to Anxiety and Depression in Greek Medical Staff

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanassios Tselebis ◽  
Eleftherios Papaleftheris ◽  
Evangelos Balis ◽  
Ioulia Theotoka ◽  
Ioannis Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Stress Management ◽  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
As Stress

We assessed the relation of anxiety and depression to smoking behavior in a sample of 80 physicians and surgeons, using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. 27 doctors were nonsmokers, 14 were former smokers, and 39 were current smokers. Current smokers showed significantly higher Anxiety and Depression scores compared to nonsmokers and former smokers, while the latter presented significantly lower Anxiety scores than nonsmokers. In current smokers, the daily quota of cigarettes was not correlated with Anxiety or Depression scores. From our results we can hypothesize that, among medical staff, smoking behavior is more anxiery-related than depression-related. In conclusion, we believe that interventions such as stress management techniques could be effective in lessening Anxiety and diminishing the need for relief searched for in smoking.

Death, Anxiety, and Depression in Kuwaiti Undergraduates

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Neurotic Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Trait ◽  
Psychometric Instruments ◽  
And Gender

The present investigation is a replication study on a Kuwaiti sample using the same psychometric instruments which have been previously administered to Egyptian and Lebanese college students. A Kuwaiti sample of undergraduates ( N 215) responded to the death anxiety scale (DAS), death depression scale (DDS), as well as the general anxiety (Trait; STAI-T) and general depression (BDI) scales. Administration of the scales was carried out in 1997–98. Alpha reliabilities were high. All of the intercorrelations ( r) between the four scales were statistically significant: DAS and DDS r .733, DAS and STAI-T r .412, DAS and BDI r .363, DDS and STAI-T .293, DDS and BDI r .273, and BDI and STAI-T r .739. All the correlations between the last mentioned four scales and gender were statistically significant, that is females attained high scores. Two orthogonal factors were extracted: general neurotic disorder and death distress. The main findings are congruent with previous results on US, Egyptian, and Lebanese participants.

scholarly journals Μελέτη του άγχους και της κατάθλιψης σε ασθενείς με καρκίνο πνεύμονα

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Δημήτριος Λυράκος
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Distress Thermometer ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Athens Insomnia Scale ◽  
Ecog Ps

Οι ογκολογικοί ασθενείς υπόκεινται σε ψυχική επιβάρυνση που προκύπτει από τον καρκίνο, η οποία επηρεάζεται από τον τρόπο εκδήλωσης συμπτωμάτων της ίδιας της ασθένειας, τον εντοπισμό του νεοπλάσματος, τη σταδιοποίησή του και την πρόγνωση. Το άγχος και η κατάθλιψη που συνδέονται με τη διάγνωση του καρκίνου έχει δειχθεί ότι προκαλούν σημαντική ψυχολογική επιβάρυνση, με το 25-50% των ασθενών με καρκίνο να εμφανίζει σημαντικά επίπεδα δυσφορίας. Για αυτό τον λόγο το Εθνικό Ολοκληρωμένο Δίκτυο για τον Καρκίνο (NCCN) εξέδωσε μια οδηγία που συνιστούσε την ανάπτυξη βελτιωμένων μηχανισμών διαλογής για την ενίσχυση της ανίχνευσης και της διαχείρισης της δυσφορίας στους ογκολογικούς ασθενείς και για την καθιέρωση της εκτίμησης της δυσφορίας ως πρότυπο περίθαλψης. Επιπροσθέτως, αρκετές έρευνες έχουν δείξει ότι οι γυναίκες που υποφέρουν από καρκίνο συχνά βιώνουν υψηλότερα επίπεδα ψυχικής δυσφορίας, κατάθλιψης και άγχους και ότι διαφέρουν σημαντικά από τους άνδρες ως προς την ικανοποιητική αξιοποίηση του υποστηρικτικού πλαισίου. Παράλληλα, υπάρχουν σοβαρές ενδείξεις ότι συγκεκριμένα γονεϊκά μοτίβα ανατροφής σχετίζονται με την εμφάνιση ψυχολογικής ευαλωτότητας στην ενήλικη ζωή. Ειδικότερα, η απουσία γονεϊκής φροντίδας συνδέεται θετικά με αυξημένες πιθανότητες εμφάνισης κατάθλιψη. Επιπρόσθετα, μια δυσλειτουργική σχέση με τους γονείς φαίνεται να αυξάνει τις πιθανότητες κατάθλιψης και άγχους στην ενήλικη ζωή, εμφάνισης σωματικών ασθενειών και γενικά προμηνύει χαμηλότερο επίπεδο υγείας στην ενήλικη ζωή. Ο στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η διερεύνηση των συμπτωμάτων άγχους και κατάθλιψης σε ασθενείς πάσχοντες από καρκίνο, η συσχέτιση αυτών με το γενικό δείκτη δυσφορίας (που είναι μια βραχύτατη και ευχερής μέθοδος ανίχνευσης) και η αιτιολογική συσχέτιση τόσο των συμπτωμάτων άγχους και κατάθλιψης όσο και του γενικού δείκτη δυσφορίας με τα γονεϊκά πρότυπα ανατροφής, όπως τα ανακαλούν οι ασθενείς από την παιδική τους ηλικία. Στην παρούσα μελέτη συμμετείχαν αρχικά 100 εξωτερικοί ασθενείς που τους ζητήθηκε να συμπληρώσουν την κλίμακα NCCN Distress Thermometer, την Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) και τη κλίμακα Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Στο τέλος, όλοι οι συμμετέχοντες κλήθηκαν να συμπληρώσουν την κλίμακα Remembered Relationship with Parents (RRP). Η συγκεκριμένη κλίμακα αξιολογεί το βαθμό της αποξένωσης και του ελέγχου από τους γονείς. Σε μία δεύτερη μελέτη στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής συμμετείχαν 201 εξωτερικοί ασθενείς. Καταχωρήθηκε η εκτίμηση της λειτουργικότητας του ασθενούς στην κλίμακα ECOG PS. Ζητήθηκε από όλους τους ασθενείς να συμπληρωθεί η κλίμακα NCCN Distress Thermometer και η HADS. Τέλος, έγινε εκτίμηση της αυπνίας τους με τη χρήση της κλίμακας Athens Insomnia Scale. Τα αποτελέσματα της πρώτης ερευνητικής διαδικασίας έδειξαν ότι ένα δυσλειτουργικό γονεϊκό πρότυπο με αποξένωση και άσκηση υπερβολικού ελέγχου, επηρεάζει σημαντικά την εμφάνιση άγχους όταν οι ασθενείς υποβάλλονται στο στρες μίας σωματικής ασθένειας, όπως ο καρκίνος. Είναι σημαντικό ότι τα δεδομένα που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα διατριβή, με τη χρήση της κλίμακας RRP, δείχνουν ότι οι άνδρες και οι γυναίκες επηρεάζονται διαφορετικά από την αποξένωση και τον υπερβολικό έλεγχο των γονέων. Άρα, τα γονεϊκά πρότυπα φαίνεται ότι επηρεάζουν τα συμπτώματα άγχους, κατάθλιψης και δυσφορίας, αλλά η αλληλεπίδραση διαφοροποιείται ανάλογα με το φύλο. Από την άλλη πλευρά, από τη δεύτερη μελέτη προέκυψε ότι το θερμόμετρο δυσφορίας φαίνεται να λειτουργεί συμπληρωματικά των ψυχομετρικών εργαλείων ανίχνευσης άγχους και κατάθλιψης. Συγκεκριμένα συσχετίζεται με τη σταδιοποίηση κατά ECOG, το φύλο και τα επίπεδα αϋπνίας των ασθενών. Δεδομένης της ευκολίας χρήσης του θερμομέτρου δυσφορίας, μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί συμπληρωματικά. Ωστόσο από τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής φαίνεται ότι ως εργαλείο ανίχνευσης επιτυγχάνει μέτρια ευαισθησία όταν προκρίνεται υψηλή ειδικότητα και αντιστρόφως. Επομένως, το θερμόμετρο δυσφορίας μπορεί να λειτουργήσει συμπληρωματικά και πιθανώς όχι ως αντικατάσταση μεθόδων ανίχνευσης άγχους και κατάθλιψης.

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