Are Death Anxiety and Death Depression Distinct Entities?

1993 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Alvarado ◽  
Donald I. Templer ◽  
Charles Bresler ◽  
Shan Thomas-Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Subjective Distress ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Life Factor ◽  
Death Depression

Subjective distress about the matter of death is widely recognized by thanatology scholars to be multiple faceted. Although there are several instruments that assess anxiety or fear regarding death, until recently there had been no instrument reported in the literature for measuring depression pertaining to death. In the present study the fifteen-item Death Anxiety Scale and the more recently constructed seventeen-item Death Depression Scale were correlated, and their combined thirty-two items were factor analyzed. The two scales correlated .55. Factor 1 was labeled “death anxiety” and its five highest factor loadings were with Death Anxiety Scale items. Factor 2 was labeled “death depression” and its five highest factor loadings were with Death Depression Scale items. Factors 3 and 4 each had the highest factor loadings on both Death Anxiety Scale and Death Depression Scale items and were respectively called “death of others” and “brevity of life.” Factor 5 was called “meaning-lessness of life” and its highest factor loadings were with Death Depression Scale items. It was concluded that the two death attitude instruments do have discriminant validity in relationship to each other. Also, suggestions were made for the combined use of these two scales.

Death Discomfort Differential

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Triplett ◽  
David Cohen ◽  
Wilbert Reimer ◽  
Sharon Rinaldi ◽  
Curtis Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Item Scale ◽  
Death Depression

The differential correlations of death depression and death anxiety were explored. Death anxiety was more highly correlated with general anxiety, the four subscales of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale, female gender, and less religiosity. Death depression was more associated with general depression. Such differentiation could not be made with the raw scores of the Death Depression Scale and the Death Anxiety Scale. A differentiation was made, however, using a new ten-item scale based upon factor scores of the two above scales.

Death Anxiety, Death Depression, Death Distress, and Death Discomfort Differential: Adolescent-Parental Correlations in Filipino and American Populations

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbert Reimer ◽  
Donald I. Templer
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Attitude Measures ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Death Depression

In both an American and Filipino population considerable family resemblance in death anxiety, death depression, and death distress was found. In both populations the death attitude measures of adolescents correlated with those of their parents, but the correlations were higher between the mothers and fathers. Most of the correlations were higher for the Filipino than for the American participants, and it was suggested that this is a function of closer family life in the Philippines. Although family resemblance on the Death Anxiety Scale was first reported by Templer, Ruff, and Franks [1] and confirmed by subsequent authors, the present study was the first study that addressed family resemblance on the more recently constructed Death Depression Scale or death distress (the sum of the z scores of Death Anxiety Scale and Death Depression Scale). In the American population, Catholics had significantly higher death anxiety and death depression and death distress scores than Protestants, and Hispanics had significantly higher death anxiety, death depression, and death distress scores than Euro-Americans. Clinical and research implications were discussed.

Death Depression and Death Obsession: Are They Different Constructs?

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 755-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Tomás-Sábado ◽  
Joaquín T. Limonero
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Principal Axis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Factor Loadings ◽  
Oblimin Rotation ◽  
Principal Axis Factoring ◽  
Significant Factors ◽  
Death Depression

This study examined the dimensional structure of Templer, et al.'s Death Depression Scale-Revised and Abdel-Khalek's Death Obsession Scale. The responses of 353 Spanish undergraduates, 261 women and 92 men ( M age=19 yr., SD = 3.1), to the Spanish forms of both scales were evaluated by means of a principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation. Three significant factors were identified: (1) Death Sadness, (2) Death Obsession, and (3) Death Anergia and Anhedonia. The distribution of the factor loadings for the items of both scales supported discriminant validity and capacity to evaluate aspects of human reactions to death.

Death, Anxiety, and Depression: A Comparison between Egyptian, Kuwaiti, and Lebanese Undergraduates

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek
Keyword(s):  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Death Depression

Three samples of male and female undergraduates were recruited from Egypt ( N=208), Kuwait ( N=215), and Lebanon ( N=228). The Death Anxiety Scale, Death Depression Scale, Trait Anxiety Scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to participants in small group sessions in each country. Alpha reliabilities of the four scales in the three nations ranged from almost satisfactory to high levels. In death anxiety, Lebanese subjects had significantly the lowest mean score. As for death depression in males, Kuwaitis attained the highest mean score, while the Lebanese had the lowest. In females, Egyptians and Kuwaitis had the highest mean death depression scores, while the Lebanese attained the lowest. Regarding the trait anxiety, female Egyptians had the highest mean score, while the Lebanese attained the lowest. The differences between the mean scores of the three nations in the Beck Depression Inventory were not statistically significant. By and large, the gender differences were significant denoting the higher mean scores of females than their male counterparts.

Evaluating Death Anxiety and Death Depression Levels among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110097
Author(s):  
Dilek Yıldırım ◽  
Vildan Kocatepe
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Training And Research ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Death Depression

This study aimed to assess death anxiety and death depression levels among patients with acute myocardial infarction. This was a descriptive correlational study, which was conducted on patients who were treated on an outpatient clinic or cardiology clinics a training and research hospital in Istanbul, Turkey between January and August 2020. The sample of study included 300 patients, who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. The Sociodemographic Form, Death Anxiety Scale and Death Depression Scale served as data collection tools. The patients obtained a mean score of 12.260 ± 3.315 from Death Depression Scale and a mean score of 12.506 ± 2.915 from Death Anxiety Scale. The patients had a death-related depression mood and a severe death anxiety level. The correlation between the patients’ Death Depression Scale and Death Anxiety Scale mean scores was statistically significant and moderate positive (r = .590; p = 0.000). As patients’ death anxiety increased, their death-related depression levels also increased was determined. The death anxiety levels of the patients were mostly severe, to the point of panic. Their depression scores were also above average.

Death Anxiety and Death Depression in Spanish Nurses

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Tomás-Sá Bado ◽  
Juana Gómez-Benito
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Oblimin Rotation ◽  
Principal Axis Factor Analysis ◽  
Direct Oblimin ◽  
Significant Factors ◽  
Death Depression

This study examined the dimensional structure of Tomás-Sábado and Gómez-Benito's Death Anxiety Inventory and Templer, et al.'s Death Depression Scale-Revised. The responses of 244 Spanish nurses to the Spanish forms of both scales were evaluated by means of a principal axis factor analysis with direct Oblimin rotation. Five significant factors were identified: Internally Generated Death Anxiety, Death Depression, Externally Generated Death Anxiety, Death Threat, and Death Sadness, accounting for 51.6% of the variance. The distribution of the factor loadings for the items of both scales on the five factors supported the discriminant validity of the constructs specific to each of the scales and justified their use in evaluating death anxiety and death depression independently.

Satisfaction with Life and Death Distress

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 790-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Mohammed N. Al-Sabwah
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Life Scale ◽  
Pearson Correlations ◽  
Death Depression

A convenient sample of 568 Egyptian female nursing undergraduates ( M age =19.5 yr., SD = 1.6) was recruited. Their scores on the Satisfaction with Life Scale were correlated with scores on the Death Anxiety Scale, Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety, Death Depression Scale-Revised, and the Death Obsession Scale. Pearson correlations were significant but small [-.15, -.18, -.14 ( p <.01) and -.08 (ns), respectively], indicating their predictive and practical value is negligible.

Death Anxiety, Death Depression, and Death Obsession: A General Factor of Death Distress is Evident: A Reply

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1212-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Fear Of Death ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Death Depression

A sample of 75 (16 men, and 59 women) Kuwaiti college students responded to Templer's and Collett-Lester Death Anxiety Scales, Templer, et al.'s Death Depression Scale and Abdel-Khalek's Death Obsession Scale. A general high-loaded factor of death distress was extracted using the total scores. However, in using the Collett-Lester four subscales, the Fear of Death and Dying of Others loaded on a second factor.

The Spanish Form of the Death Depression Scale

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Tomás-Sábado ◽  
Juana Gómez-Benito
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Student Nurses ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Varimax Rotation ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Death Depression

The aims were to estimate the psychometric properties of the Spanish form of the Death Depression Scale and to compare these with those of other versions of the scale. The Death Depression Scale was administered to a sample of 218 Spanish student nurses, together with Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and measures of general depression and anxiety. The Cronbach coefficient α was 83, and a 4-wk. test-retest correlation was .87. The correlations with scores on other tests were similar to those obtained in former studies. After applying a principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation, four factors with eigenvalues greater than one were identified. These factors were labeled Death Sadness, Death Finality, Meaninglessness of Life, and Feeling of Loss. Generally speaking, the results favour consideration of the Death Depression Scale as a valid and reliable means of assessment among Spanish-speaking individuals.

Attitudes toward Death, Anxiety, and Social Desirability

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis S. Dickstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Desirability ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Attitudes Toward Death ◽  
Males And Females

Thirty-four male and thirty-four female undergraduates completed four scales of attitudes toward death including the Death Concern Scale, the Templer Death Anxiety Scale, the Tolor and Reznikoff Death Anxiety Scale, and the Fear of Death and Dying Scale, as well as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. The four death scales showed moderate commonality reflecting, on average, 35 per cent common variance for both males and females. For females, a substantial portion of this commonality could be attributed to correlations between the death scales and trait anxiety whereas for males there was stronger evidence for the discriminant validity of the death scales. Three of the four death scales showed significant negative correlations with social desirability. There were no significant sex differences on the death scales.

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