THE ROLE OF AGE AND EMOTIONAL VALENCE IN WORD RECOGNITION: AN EX-GAUSSIAN ANALYSIS

This work analyzed the effects of unrealistic optimism in the interaction between the emotional valence of future events, the perception of control over these events, and the person with whom one compares oneself. It was hypothesized that, if the person of comparison is judged as very competent, a pessimistic bias should be produced. Likelihood of four different types of events (positive and controllable, positive and uncontrollable, negative and controllable, and negative and uncontrollable) were rated by 133 university students (22 men and 111 women) for themselves, for an average student, for their best friend, and for a bright friend. A pessimistic bias was observed on the relative likelihood of the events when the comparison was made between oneself and a competent and bright friend, when events were perceived as controllable, especially positive ones. Not enough is known, however, to provide meaningful interpretation at present; that must await further data and theoretical development.

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Role of hand dominance in mapping preferences for emotional-valence words to keypress responses

Acta Psychologica ◽

10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.007 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 180 ◽

pp. 33-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xiaolei Song ◽

Jing Chen ◽

Robert W. Proctor

Keyword(s):

Emotional Valence ◽

Hand Dominance

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Working Paper: Application of automatic sentiment analysis: The role of emotions in an experimental learning intervention

10.31234/osf.io/upfs9 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Manyu Li

Keyword(s):

Sentiment Analysis ◽

School Achievement ◽

Emotional Valence ◽

Growth Mindset ◽

Intervention Effect ◽

Sentence Level ◽

Academic Settings ◽

Growth Mindset Intervention ◽

Mindset Intervention

This secondary-analysis register report aims at testing the role of emotion in the intervention effect of an experimental intervention study in academic settings. Previous analyses of the National Study of the Learning Mindset (Yeager et al., 2019) showed that in a randomized controlled trial, high school students who were given the growth mindset intervention had, on average higher GPA than did students in the control condition. Previous analyses also showed that school achievement levels moderated the intervention effect. This study further explores whether the emotion students experienced during the growth mindset intervention plays a role in the intervention effect. Specifically, using a sentence-level automated text analysis for emotional valence (i.e. sentiment analysis), students’ written reflections during the intervention are analyzed. Linear mixed models are conducted to test if valence reflected in the written texts predicted higher intervention effect (i.e. higher post-intervention GPA given pre-intervention GPA). The moderating role of school achievement levels was also examined. A 10% random sample of the data was analyzed as a pilot study for this registered report to test for feasibility and proof-of-concept. Results of the pilot data showed small, yet significant relations between emotional valence and intervention effects. The results of this study have implications on the role of emotion in the results of intervention or experimental studies, especially those that are conducted in academic settings. This study also introduces a user-friendly text-based analytic method for experimental psychologists to detect and analyze sentence-level emotional valence in an intervention or experimental study.

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The Role of Meaning in word Recognition

Comprehension Processes in Reading ◽

10.4324/9780203052389-7 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 31-54

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition

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Re-reconsidering the role of temporal order in spoken word recognition

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021819849512 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

pp. 2574-2583 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julie Gregg ◽

Albrecht W Inhoff ◽

Cynthia M Connine

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Spoken Word Recognition ◽

Spoken Word ◽

Lexical Representation ◽

Coarse Grain ◽

Visual World ◽

Visual World Paradigm ◽

Lexical Activation ◽

Stimulus Materials

Spoken word recognition models incorporate the temporal unfolding of word information by assuming that positional match constrains lexical activation. Recent findings challenge the linearity constraint. In the visual world paradigm, Toscano, Anderson, and McMurray observed that listeners preferentially viewed a picture of a target word’s anadrome competitor (e.g., competitor bus for target sub) compared with phonologically unrelated distractors (e.g., well) or competitors sharing an overlapping vowel (e.g., sun). Toscano et al. concluded that spoken word recognition relies on coarse grain spectral similarity for mapping spoken input to a lexical representation. Our experiments aimed to replicate the anadrome effect and to test the coarse grain similarity account using competitors without vowel position overlap (e.g., competitor leaf for target flea). The results confirmed the original effect: anadrome competitor fixation curves diverged from unrelated distractors approximately 275 ms after the onset of the target word. In contrast, the no vowel position overlap competitor did not show an increase in fixations compared with the unrelated distractors. The contrasting results for the anadrome and no vowel position overlap items are discussed in terms of theoretical implications of sequential match versus coarse grain similarity accounts of spoken word recognition. We also discuss design issues (repetition of stimulus materials and display parameters) concerning the use of the visual world paradigm in making inferences about online spoken word recognition.

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The Role of Self-Monitoring in Initial Word-Recognition Learning

Multiple Perspectives on Difficulties in Learning Literacy and Numeracy ◽

10.1007/978-1-4020-8864-3_11 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 235-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert M. Schwartz ◽

Patricia A. Gallant

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Self Monitoring ◽

Recognition Learning

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Gated Word Recognition by Postlingually Deafened Adults With Cochlear Implants: Influence of Semantic Context

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2017_jslhr-h-17-0141 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 145-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chhayakanta Patro ◽

Lisa Lucks Mendel

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Cochlear Implants ◽

Word Processing ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Spectral Composition ◽

Semantic Context ◽

Full Spectrum ◽

Spoken Words ◽

Vocoded Speech

PurposeThe main goal of this study was to investigate the minimum amount of sensory information required to recognize spoken words (isolation points [IPs]) in listeners with cochlear implants (CIs) and investigate facilitative effects of semantic contexts on the IPs.MethodListeners with CIs as well as those with normal hearing (NH) participated in the study. In Experiment 1, the CI users listened to unprocessed (full-spectrum) stimuli and individuals with NH listened to full-spectrum or vocoder processed speech. IPs were determined for both groups who listened to gated consonant-nucleus-consonant words that were selected based on lexical properties. In Experiment 2, the role of semantic context on IPs was evaluated. Target stimuli were chosen from the Revised Speech Perception in Noise corpus based on the lexical properties of the final words.ResultsThe results indicated that spectrotemporal degradations impacted IPs for gated words adversely, and CI users as well as participants with NH listening to vocoded speech had longer IPs than participants with NH who listened to full-spectrum speech. In addition, there was a clear disadvantage due to lack of semantic context in all groups regardless of the spectral composition of the target speech (full spectrum or vocoded). Finally, we showed that CI users (and users with NH with vocoded speech) can overcome such word processing difficulties with the help of semantic context and perform as well as listeners with NH.ConclusionWord recognition occurs even before the entire word is heard because listeners with NH associate an acoustic input with its mental representation to understand speech. The results of this study provide insight into the role of spectral degradation on the processing of spoken words in isolation and the potential benefits of semantic context. These results may also explain why CI users rely substantially on semantic context.

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