Emotional Speech Processing in 3- to 12-Month-Old Infants: Influences of Emotion Categories and Acoustic Parameters

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate infants' listening preference for emotional prosodies in spoken words and identify their acoustic correlates. Method: Forty-six 3- to-12-month-old infants ( M age = 7.6 months) completed a central fixation (or look-to-listen) paradigm in which four emotional prosodies (happy, sad, angry, and neutral) were presented. Infants' looking time to the string of words was recorded as a proxy of their listening attention. Five acoustic variables—mean fundamental frequency (F0), word duration, intensity variation, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), and spectral centroid—were also analyzed to account for infants' attentiveness to each emotion. Results: Infants generally preferred affective over neutral prosody, with more listening attention to the happy and sad voices. Happy sounds with breathy voice quality (low HNR) and less brightness (low spectral centroid) maintained infants' attention more. Sad speech with shorter word duration (i.e., faster speech rate), less breathiness, and more brightness gained infants' attention more than happy speech did. Infants listened less to angry than to happy and sad prosodies, and none of the acoustic variables were associated with infants' listening interests in angry voices. Neutral words with a lower F0 attracted infants' attention more than those with a higher F0. Neither age nor sex effects were observed. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for infants' sensitivity to the prosodic patterns for the basic emotion categories in spoken words and how the acoustic properties of emotional speech may guide their attention. The results point to the need to study the interplay between early socioaffective and language development.

Age of Acquisition and Spoken Words: Examining Hemispheric Differences in Lexical Processing

The relationship between the age of acquisition (AoA) of words and their cerebral hemispheric representation is controversial because the experimental results have been contradictory. However, most of the lexical processing experiments were performed with stimuli consisting of written words. If we want to compare the processing of words learned very early in infancy—when children cannot read—with words learned later, it seems more logical to employ spoken words as experimental stimuli. This study, based on the auditory lexical decision task, used spoken words that were classified according to an objective criterion of AoA with extremely distant means (2.88 vs. 9.28 years old). As revealed by the reaction times, both early and late words were processed more efficiently in the left hemisphere, with no AoA × Hemisphere interaction. The results are discussed from a theoretical point of view, considering that all the experiments were conducted using adult participants.

Blackfeet Discourses about Dwelling-in-Place: Our Homeland, a National Park

This chapter presents to readers the spoken words of Blackfeet people who have discussed their homeland, its landscape, and all that it entails. In the process, the chapter seeks to help readers hear in those words in a Blackfeet way of speaking about their land, to introduce some of the cultural meanings of Blackfeet in that way of speaking about it, and to offer an understanding of this way as a communal touchstone which is anchored in the discourse Blackfeet participants produce as they speak about their homeland.

Emergence of Third-Order Conditional Discriminations from Learning Discriminations with Unrelated Stimuli

This study explored learning and generalization of a third-order conditional discrimination. Two 8-year-old children learned two auditory–visual conditional discriminations in which they selected visual Japanese syllabic symbols in response to syllables spoken by the experimenter. Then, they learned a third-order conditional discrimination in which they selected between two visual symbols after being exposed to two spoken syllables and one visual symbol. Thereafter, we probed generalization with novel symbols and names by teaching two additional conditional discriminations with Nahuatl symbols and spoken words and probing without reinforcement a new third-order conditional discrimination in which they had to select between two visual Nahuatl symbols after being exposed to two spoken Nahuatl words and one visual Nahuatl symbol. The two children responded in a predicted way to the novel third-order conditional discrimination. The emergent performance was possible because the set of relations established among the stimuli of the third-order conditional discrimination with Japanese syllables was analogous to the set of relations established among the stimuli of the third-order conditional discriminations with Nahuatl words. These results demonstrated a novel type of emergent responding in third-order conditional discrimination with arbitrary relations.

PENANAMAN NILAI KARAKTER MELALUI MATA PELAJARAN PPKN PADA SISWA DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19

This research is motivated by several problems, including: The teacher's strategy in inculcating character values. Teacher constraints in planting character values. Solutions in overcoming obstacles in planting character values. The formulation of the problem in this study is how the teacher's strategy in instilling character values, what are the teacher's obstacles in instilling character values, what are the solutions in overcoming obstacles in instilling character values. This study aims to analyze the teacher's strategy in instilling character values, and discuss the teacher's obstacles in instilling character values and discuss what solutions to overcome the obstacles in inculcating character values during the covid-19 pandemic through PPKn subjects at SMAN 1 Gunung Talang, Solok Regency.The research method used is qualitative with descriptive approach which produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observed behavior at the research location of SMAN 1 Gunung Talang, Solok district. With the technique of Observation, Interview by seeking complete and in-depth information and Documentation Study.The results of this study show the teacher's strategy in instilling character values in learning using lesson plans and a scientific approach in the form of a lecture method by inculcating the values of Religion, Honesty, Discipline, Responsibility, while the teacher's obstacles in inculcating character values are not found the right method in teaching because during the pandemic reduced learning time, and solutions to overcome obstacles in instilling character values using other, more varied media such as videos.Keywords: value, character, civic education, pandemic, covid 19AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh beberapa permasalahan antara lain: Strategi guru dalam penanaman nilai karakter. Kendala guru dalam penanaman nilai karakter. Solusi dalam mengatasi kendala dalam penanaman nilai karakter. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana strategi guru dalam menanamkan nilai karakter, apa saja kendala guru dalam menanamkan nilai karakter, apa solusi dalam mengatasi kendala dalam penanaman nilai karakter. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi guru dalam penanaman nilai karakter, dan membahas kendala guru dalam menanamkan nilai karakter serta membahas solusi apa untuk mengatasi kendala dalam penanaman nilai karakter selama pandemi covid-19 melalui mata pelajaran PPKn di SMAN 1 Gunung Talang Kabupaten Solok. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Kualitatif dengan pendekatan Deskriptif yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang diamati lokasi penelitian SMAN 1 Gunung Talang kabupaten Solok. Dengan teknik Observasi, Wawancara dengan mencari informasi secara lengkap dan mendalam serta Studi Dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan Strategi guru dalam penanaman nilai karakter dala pembelajaran menggunakan RPP serta pendekatan saintifik berupa metode ceramah dengan cara penanaman nilai Religius, Kejujuran, Kedisiplinan, Tanggung jawab, sedangkan kendala guru dalam penanaman nilai karakter tidak ditemukan metode yang tepat dalam mengajar dikarenakan selama pandemi waktu pembelajaran dikurangi, dan solusi dalam mengatasi kendala dalam menanamkan nilai karakter menggunakan media lain yang lebih variatif seperti video.Kata kunci: nilai, karakter, PKn, pandemi, covid 19

Islamic Music Therapy Through Sholawat Jibril Audio to Grow Self Acceptance in the Elderly

Lack of self-acceptance often occurs in someone who is old or elderly who has been abandoned by his wife or husband and left by their children who have built their own household. Islamic Music Therapy through audio Sholawat Jibril is a therapy that aims to calm the heart and always invites to increase spirituality by remembering Allah and Rasulullah SAW. This study uses a qualitative approach, namely the research phase that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words instead of numbers (non-statistical) from the people and observed behavior. Qualitative research is obtained from interviews, observations, documentation. Therefore, Islamic music therapy through audio Sholawat Jibril in the program for growing self-acceptance in the elderly is able to grow self-acceptance and positive things that will be very necessary for an effort to increase spiritual feelings in the elderly. With this prayer, it is possible for the elderly to be able to develop reduced self-acceptance due to the condition that they are old and their relatives who have left the elderly alone.