scholarly journals Hungarian Government on the Whitening of the Economy Measures to Stabilize the Budget

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Péter Novoszáth
Keyword(s):  
Tax Base ◽  
Black Economy ◽  
Verification System ◽  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
Legal Control ◽  
Reverse Charge

The Hungarian government developed a package of tools for improving legal control and compliance for Hungarian companies and entered into force between 2012 and 2021. Part of this complex package of measures sought to broaden the tax base without raising taxes, while others sought to reduce the size of the black economy by reducing the amount of illegally available benefits. The level of compliance may increase, as inspections are continuous, the risk of failure is high, and compliance with legal actions does not require a large intellectual or financial expense from the taxpayer. Part of this package was the obligation to use online cash registers, the introduction of reverse charge VAT, the targeted reduction of VAT rates, the introduction of an electronic goods tracking and verification system, and the introduction of online invoicing.

scholarly journals Value-added tax on imported electronic services: a critical evaluation of the newly enacted South Africa legislation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Liza Coetzee ◽  
Marisca Meiring
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Foreign Supplier ◽  
Reverse Charge

Effective from 1 June 2014, all foreign businesses supplying digital products such as mobile applications to be used in South Africa are required to register as vendors. This amendment was made to align South Africa with an international trend of bringing cross-border supplies of electronic services into the Value-Added Tax regime. It effectively shifts the Value-Added Tax liability from the importer to the foreign supplier. The reverse-charge-mechanism resulted in an erosion of the tax base and placed local suppliers of digital services at a competitive disadvantage compared to foreign suppliers. This paper critically evaluates the amendment to the Value-Added Tax Act using a literature review. The aim is to determine to what extent the amendments address the shortcomings of the reverse-charge mechanism, are aligned with practices in the European Union and New Zealand and whether they comply with the principles of an effective tax system.

Better The Devil You Don't Know: preference for predictable or uncertain probabilities and the risk of failure

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Ayton ◽  
Eugenio Alberdi ◽  
Lorenzo Strigini ◽  
David Wright
Keyword(s):  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
The Devil

Legal Control of the Private Military Corporation

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict Sheehy ◽  
Jackson Maogoto ◽  
Virginia Newell
Keyword(s):  
Legal Control ◽  
Private Military Corporation

Introduction to methods of describing the forecast on the risk of failure to the means of transport

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Henryk Tomaszek ◽  
Ryszard Kaleta ◽  
Mariusz Zieja
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Preliminary Description

The paper is an attempt to describe the forecast on the risk of damages resulting from failures to the means of transport. It has been assumed that the product of the probability of failure (fault) occurrence and measures of effects thereof are to be used to estimate the risk. The below presented dependences that describe the risk of damages have been based on the failure rate. With the available literature as the basis, a preliminary description of the probability of a failure (fault) and the level of losses has been proposed. The paper gives dependences on short- and long-range risk forecasts. To determine the relationship for the probability of a failure (fault), the failure rate has been used.

The Influence of Template Ageing on a Dynamic Signature Verification System

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Joanna Putz-Leszczynska
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Signature Verification ◽  
Verification System ◽  
Verification Systems ◽  
Dynamic Signature

This paper addresses template ageing in automatic signature verification systems. Handwritten signatures are a behavioral biometric sensitive to the passage of time. The experiments in this paper utilized a database that contains signature realizations captured in three sessions. The last session was captured seven years after the first one. The results presented in this paper show a potential risk of using an automatic handwriting verification system without including template ageing Purchase Article for $10 

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