scholarly journals Microbiota-gut-brain axis: enteroendocrine cells and the enteric nervous system form an interface between the microbiota and the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsukazu KUWAHARA ◽  
Kyoko MATSUDA ◽  
Yuko KUWAHARA ◽  
Shinji ASANO ◽  
Toshio INUI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
System Form ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals You Talking to Me? Says the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) to the Microbe. How Intestinal Microbes Interact with the ENS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3705
Author(s):  
Mauro Giuffrè ◽  
Rita Moretti ◽  
Giuseppina Campisciano ◽  
Alexandre Barcelos Morais da Silveira ◽  
Vincenzo Maria Monda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microorganisms ◽  
Future Concepts ◽  
Suitable Environment

Mammalian organisms form intimate interfaces with commensal and pathogenic gut microorganisms. Increasing evidence suggests a close interaction between gut microorganisms and the enteric nervous system (ENS), as the first interface to the central nervous system. Each microorganism can exert a different effect on the ENS, including phenotypical neuronal changes or the induction of chemical transmitters that interact with ENS neurons. Some pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the ENS to create a more suitable environment for their growth or to promote the effects of their toxins. In addition, some commensal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) by locally interacting with the ENS. From the current knowledge emerges an interesting field that may shape future concepts on the pathogen–host synergic interaction. The aim of this narrative review is to report the current findings regarding the inter-relationships between bacteria, viruses, and parasites and the ENS.

scholarly journals Regional cytoarchitecture of the adult and developing mouse enteric nervous system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Hamnett ◽  
Lori Bowe Dershowitz ◽  
Vandana Sampathkumar ◽  
Ziyue Wang ◽  
Vincent De Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The enteric nervous system (ENS) populates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and controls GI function. In contrast to the central nervous system, macrostructure of the ENS has been largely overlooked. Here, we visually and computationally demonstrate that the ENS is organized in circumferential stripes that regionally differ in development and neuronal composition. This characterization provides a blueprint for future understanding of region-specific GI function and identifying ENS structural correlates of GI disorders.

scholarly journals Development of the intrinsic innervation of the small bowel mucosa and villi

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G53-G65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene M. Hao ◽  
Candice Fung ◽  
Werend Boesmans ◽  
Katrien Lowette ◽  
Jan Tack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Detection of nutritional and noxious food components in the gut is a crucial component of gastrointestinal function. Contents in the gut lumen interact with enteroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the gut epithelium. Enteroendocrine cells release many different hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters that communicate either directly or indirectly with the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system, a network of neurons and glia located within the gut wall. Several populations of enteric neurons extend processes that innervate the gastrointestinal lamina propria; however, how these processes develop and begin to transmit information from the mucosa is not fully understood. In this study, we found that Tuj1-immunoreactive neurites begin to project out of the myenteric plexus at embryonic day (E)13.5 in the mouse small intestine, even before the formation of villi. Using live calcium imaging, we discovered that neurites were capable of transmitting electrical information from stimulated villi to the plexus by E15.5. In unpeeled gut preparations where all layers were left intact, we also mimicked the basolateral release of 5-HT from enteroendocrine cells, which triggered responses in myenteric cell bodies at postnatal day (P)0. Altogether, our results show that enteric neurons extend neurites out of the myenteric plexus early during mouse enteric nervous system development, innervating the gastrointestinal mucosa, even before villus formation in mice of either sex. Neurites are already able to conduct electrical information at E15.5, and responses to 5-HT develop postnatally. NEW & NOTEWORTHY How enteric neurons project into the gut mucosa and begin to communicate with the epithelium during development is not known. Our study shows that enteric neurites project into the lamina propria as early as E13.5 in the mouse, before development of the submucous plexus and before formation of intestinal villi. These neurites are capable of transmitting electrical signals back to their cell bodies by E15.5 and respond to serotonin applied to neurite terminals by birth.

scholarly journals Enteric and Central Nervous System Mediated Control of Digestive Processes in the Small Intestine: a Coprocessor-Processor Paradigm

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Ravi Kant Avvari
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Enteric Reflexes ◽  
Digestive Processes

The small intestine is part of the gastrointestinal tract that facilitates further breakdown of the meal, extract the nutrients, absorb them efficiently and expel the left over remains of the digesta. They help in managing various digestive processes that involve buffering of the chyme, mixing with small intestinal secretions and bile, absorption and transport. In general, the small intestine functions as a bioreactor in an efficient way by employing neurohormonal means for regulating the digestive processes. Part of the regulatory functions involving-eliciting motility patterns, control of secretions and emptying of the bowels are locally mediated by the enteric reflexes, however the physiological functions demanding homeostasis requires the intervention of the central nervous system. In this review, we explore the nature of regulating mechanisms that are managed partly by the enteric nervous system (ENS) as analogous to a coprocessor and works in conjunction with the central nervous system (CNS), the primary processor to manage the extensive task of digesting the meal.

The Effect of Some Drugs on the Electrical Activity of the Brain, and on Behaviour

1954 ◽  
Vol 100 (418) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Elkes ◽  
C. Elkes ◽  
P. B. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Central Effects ◽  
System Form ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Peripheral neuro-effector sites within and outside the autonomic nervous system form useful reference points for the study of the central effects of some agents. Nevertheless, ready analogies between peripheral neurohumoral mediation, and central synaptic transmission may be grossly misleading, and reliance must solely be placed on data derived from within the central nervous system itself.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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