scholarly journals ECONOMICS OF LAND USE DYNAMICS IN TWO MEXICAN COFFEE AGROFORESTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND INEQUALITY

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (279) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Baerenklau ◽  
Edward A. Ellis ◽  
Raymundo Marcos-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Shade Coffee ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Price Supports ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Land Use Dynamics ◽  
Policy Simulations

<span lang="EN-US">L</span><span lang="EN-US">and use and land cover change have wide ranging implications for the environment and human welfare. This study analyzes both landscape and parcel level data to assess the causes and extent of deforestation in two Mexican coffee agroforests, as well as the likely environmental and welfare effects of policies designed to reduce tree cover loss. We find that shade coffee growers in Atzalan exhibit a relatively high elasticity of substitution between agricultural outputs: in response to low coffee prices, they have predominantly cleared their agroforestry parcels for production of tree crops. Shade coffee growers in Zozocolco exhibit a relatively low elasticity of substitution: agroforests were mostly either augmented with allspice trees or abandoned. Our policy simulations show that price supports for shade coffee would have larger effects on canopy preservation and welfare in Atzalan, even though Zozocolco is more marginalized.</span>

scholarly journals Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Stephanie Pamplona
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Districts

AbstractWe estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. We partially account for behavioural responses using Google mobility data. Our identification strategy exploits variation in the timing of indoor face mask mandates staggered over two months in the 34 public health districts in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province. We find that mask mandates are associated with a 25 percent or larger weekly reduction in new COVID-19 cases in July and August, relative to the trend in absence of mask mandate. Additional analysis with province-level data provides corroborating evidence. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced the number of new cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August, which corresponds to 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week.JEL codesI18, I12, C23

Microeconomic Theory of Spinoff Decisions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
T. V. S. Ramamohan Rao
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
New Product ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Microeconomic Theory ◽  
Strategic Bargaining ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Coordination Requirements

The present study demonstrates that the product line choice of a firm depends on the elasticity of substitution between products (and the organizational and coordination requirements that it implies), the bargaining power of managers of different product divisions, and marketing prospects of each of the products. A new product idea, put forward by an employee, will be integrated if a combination of these features obtains. A spinoff will result if any one, or more, of these conditions is not satisfied. In general, it is shown that a new product, which has a high elasticity of substitution with the existing products, will experience a spinoff due to lack of organizational capabilities to integrate it while a product with a low elasticity will spinoff only due to the incumbent management’s perception of low market potential and/or the strategic bargaining power of the incumbent management with respect to the existing product line.

scholarly journals Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Stephanie Pamplona
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract We estimate the impact of indoor face mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada. Mask mandate introduction was staggered over two months in the 34 public health regions in Ontario, Canada. Using this variation, we find that mask mandates are associated with a 25 percent or larger weekly reduction in new COVID-19 cases in July and August, relative to the trend in absence of mandate. Province-level data provide corroborating evidence. We control for factors such as mobility (using Google geo-location data) and past cases. Our analysis of additional survey data shows that mask mandates led to an increase of about 30 percentage points in self-reported mask wearing in public. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced new COVID-19 cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August (700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week).

Estimating price taking behavior with mill-level data: the Norwegian sawlog market, 1974-1991

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ståle Størdal ◽  
Sjur Baardsen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Translog Cost Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demand Functions ◽  
Input Demand ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Price Negotiations ◽  
Market Areas

A five input transcendental logarithmic (translog) cost function and a set of conditional input demand functions, which were extended to include a conjectural elasticity term, were analyzed. The analysis was based on data covering individual Norwegian sawmills over the period 1974–1991. The presence of mill-level data allowed us to test cross-sectional effects as well as intertemporal effects. Under the assumption of cost minimization, price-taking behavior was rejected for the years 1982 and 1984–1991. There was no variation of the conjectural elasticity over regions, but the use of market power increased after the price negotiations were brought from the national to regional levels. The necessity of having information on sawlog purchases and market areas to conclude on welfare effects is explained. This analysis also contributes to explain the post-1992 period, where the Norwegian sawlog market has experienced several structural changes.

Shade Coffee & Tree Cover Loss: Lessons from El Salvador

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Blackman ◽  
Beatriz Ávalos-Sartorio ◽  
Jeffrey Chow
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Coffee Tree ◽  
Shade Coffee

scholarly journals Revisiting Zakat Distribution on Income Inequality and Welfare: The Malaysia Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Patmawati Ibrahim ◽  
Maimunah Ali ◽  
Mazliana Muridan ◽  
Amirul Iman Mohd Jazid
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Income Loss ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Research Show

This paper attempts to analyze the effects of zakat distribution on income inequality and welfare aspects of the poor Muslim society in Malaysia. The population of the study is the poor and hardcore poor of the zakat recipients in Selangor.  Exploring the cross sectional micro level data of nine districts in Selangor, Malaysia, this study adopted Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient to represent positive measures of income inequality.  However, these measures do not take into account the welfare effects of the distribution to the society.  Hence, Atkinson index is adopted to represent the normative measures of inequality that takes into account the welfare effects of the zakat distribution to society.   Results of the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve have proven effectiveness of zakat distribution in reducing income inequality of the society. Whilst the theory of zakat says that zakat distribution will improve income inequality and welfare of the society, findings of the normative measures in this research show otherwise.  Therefore, this study is extended with zakat distribution simulation model based on had kifayah.  Results from the distribution simulation model proved the ability of zakat in narrowing down income inequality, reducing income loss and hence increasing the welfare of the society.  

Does retirement flexibility provide a hedge against macroeconomic risk?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
YVONNE ADEMA ◽  
JAN BONENKAMP ◽  
LEX MEIJDAM
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Asset Returns ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Partial Equilibrium ◽  
Macroeconomic Risk ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Macroeconomic Risks

AbstractRetirement flexibility is often seen as a hedge against macroeconomic risks such as capital market risks, which justifies more risky asset portfolios. This paper analyses the robustness of this claim in both a partial equilibrium and general equilibrium setting. We show that this positive relationship between risk taking and retirement flexibility is weakened and under some conditions even turned around if not only capital market risks, but also productivity risks are considered. Productivity risk in combination with a high elasticity of substitution between consumption and leisure creates a positive correlation between asset returns and labour income, reducing the willingness of consumers to bear risk.

Parks and People: Assessing the Human Welfare Effects of Establishing Protected Areas for Biodiversity Conservation

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID S. WILKIE ◽  
GILDA A. MORELLI ◽  
JOSEFIEN DEMMER ◽  
MALCOLM STARKEY ◽  
PAUL TELFER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Human Welfare

Agroforestry price supports as a conservation tool: Mexican shade coffee

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Ávalos-Sartorio ◽  
Allen Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Shade Coffee ◽  
Price Supports

Climate Impact Assessments With a Lens on Inequality

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco V. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Welfare Effects ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Vulnerability To Climate Change ◽  
The Face ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
New Research

Climate impact assessments inform climate change discussions. Integrated use of biophysical and economic models made it possible to move from assessments exclusively focused on the physical impacts, to assessments that incorporate the prospective effects on human welfare. Effects on poverty and livelihoods are better understood. However, even though structural inequalities exacerbate exposure and vulnerability to climate change, the nexus between climate change and inequality remains underresearched. We suggest ways to feature inequalities prominently in climate impact assessments hoping to encourage new research. We suggest how to use modeling capability to explore how existing inequalities may worsen in the face of climate hazards, through perturbation of natural resource systems, unemployment of production factors, a lack of access to human capital and basic services, and socioeconomic attributes that place people at a disadvantage. We also point to the policy analysis that one can develop and areas to improve it going forward.

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