Development and validation of an index score to adjust for healthy user bias in observational studies

Background: Given the inconsistency of previous studies and the newly emerging evidence, we decided to conduct a me- ta-analysis. Methods: The meta-analysis included 2 randomized controlled trials and 13 observational studies 742 patients in total. Qualified studies were properly searched from databases . Data were analyzed by the RevMan 5.3 software. Results were demonstrated as WMD , SMD and RR with 95% CIs, I2 and P value. Results: We observed that a remarkable increase of complement C3 in the rituximab group than placebo group (WMD- fixed=7.67mg/dL, 95%CIs=-0.16~15.50, I2=0%, P=0.05). A significant increase of complement C4 was observed in the rituximab group than placebo group (WMDfixed=3.14mg/dL, 95%CIs=1.06~5.22, I2=0%, P=0.003). Notably decreased peripheral CD19+B cells in rituximab group than placebo group (WMDfixed=-117.93n/μl, 95%CIs=-172.94~-62.91, I2=0%, P<0.0001) in RCTs. Patients with severe or refractory SLE got more satisfactory efficacy results after receiving rituximab in observational studies, such as British Isles Lupus Assessment Group index score, SLE Disease Activity Index score, complement C3/C4, anti-dsDNA antibodies, peripheral CD19+B cells and so on. Safety profiles were no difference between rituximab and placebo groups. Conclusion: although the efficacy of rituximab is highly controversial for SLE, our study shows that rituximab presents a satisfying efficacy and safety for SLE. Keywords: Efficacy; safety; rituximab; systemic lupus erythematosus; meta-analysis.

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The Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39): development and validation of a Parkinson's disease summary index score

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/26.5.353 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 353-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 534

Author(s):

CRISPIN JENKINSON ◽

RAY FITZPATRICK ◽

VIV PETO ◽

RICHARD GREENHALL ◽

NIGEL HYMAN

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Index Score ◽

Summary Index ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Disease Questionnaire ◽

Parkinson’S Disease Questionnaire

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PND69 Development and Validation of a Patient-Reported Outcomes Questionnaire for the Assessment of Hereditary Angioedema in Observational Studies

Value in Health ◽

10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.1993 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. A558

Author(s):

N. Bonner ◽

L. Abetz ◽

L. Renault ◽

T. Caballero

Keyword(s):

Hereditary Angioedema ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Patient Reported Outcomes ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Development And Validation

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The PDQ-Carer: Development and validation of a summary index score

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.018 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 448-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Morley ◽

S. Dummett ◽

L. Kelly ◽

M. Peters ◽

J. Dawson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Index Score ◽

Summary Index ◽

Development And Validation

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Development and validation of nomogram based on a novel platelet index score to predict prognosis in patients with renal cell carcinoma

Journal of Cancer ◽

10.7150/jca.60268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (21) ◽

pp. 6301-6309

Author(s):

Ruotao Xiao ◽

Yanchun Qin ◽

Lei Liu ◽

Zhigang Chen ◽

Bin Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Renal Cell ◽

Index Score ◽

Development And Validation

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Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: rapid scoping review

10.1101/2020.07.03.20145060 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Uwe Matterne ◽

Nina Egger ◽

Jana Tempes ◽

Christina Tischer ◽

Jonas Lander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Literacy ◽

General Population ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Good Health ◽

Global Spread ◽

Study Type ◽

Development And Validation ◽

Validated Instrument

SummaryBACKGROUNDAuthorities responded with contact restrictions and other measures to the global spread of SARS-CoV-2. Health literacy (HL) has been linked to health outcomes and refers to the ability to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make good health decisions. When restrictions are gradually lifted, individual HL becomes essential to control the pandemic and to prevent the resumption of these restriction, should infection numbers surge again. The aim of this rapid scoping review, for which only studies from the general population were considered, was to describe the extent of existing research on HL in the context of previous coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). Facets of HL that were of particular interest were: type of assessment of HL (theory-based versus proxy assessment; validated instrument versus ad hoc assessment), domains of HL, interventions aiming to improve HL during outbreak situations, and HL surveillance during outbreak.METHODSWe searched two major databases and included publications of quantitative and qualitative studies in English and German on any type of research on the functional, critical and communicative domains of HL conducted in the context of the three outbreaks in the general population. We extracted and tabulated relevant data and narratively reported where and when the study was conducted, the design and method used, and how HL was measured.FINDINGS72 studies were included. Three investigated HL or explicitly referred to the concept of HL, 14 were guided by health behaviour theory. We did not find any study designed to develop or psychometrically evaluate pandemic HL instruments, or relate pandemic or general HL to a pandemic outcome, or any controlled intervention study. Type of assessment of the domains of HL varied widely.INTERPRETATIONTheory-driven observational studies as well as interventions, examining whether pandemic-related HL can be improved are needed. In addition, the development and validation of instruments that measure pandemic-related HL is desirable.

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Development and validation of instruments measuring body image and body weight dissatisfaction in South African mothers and their daughters

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2005814 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 509-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Zandile Mciza ◽

Julia H Goedecke ◽

Nelia P Steyn ◽

Karen Charlton ◽

Thandi Puoane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Body Size ◽

South African ◽

Index Score ◽

Image Perception ◽

Internal Reliability ◽

Body Size Dissatisfaction ◽

Age Appropriate ◽

The One ◽

Development And Validation

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters.Settings and subjects: Girls attending primary school (ages 9–12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard's body image figures for mothers. A Feel–Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected by the participants as ‘Ideal’ from the one selected as most closely representing their current appearance or ‘Feel’. We hypothesised that a higher FID index score would be associated with greater body size dissatisfaction.ResultsBMI percentiles in girls (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) and BMI in mothers (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the selected silhouettes based on size. Participants who reported feelings of being ‘fat’ and those who perceived that their family and friends were more dissatisfied with their body size had significantly higher FID index scores. Scores were lower in black than white girls (all P < 0.05). No differences were found in FID index scores between ethnic groups of mothers. Internal reliability of the ‘thin’ and ‘fat’ belief constructs for girls was demonstrated by standardised Cronbach's α values ≥0.7.ConclusionSilhouettes, FID index, ‘fat’ and ‘thin’ belief constructs (in girls) are age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and can be used in further intervention studies to understand body image.

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