scholarly journals Interface between Maternal Antibodies and Natural Challenge for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Holstein Heifers

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Costa Baccili ◽  
Natália Meirelles Sobreira ◽  
Bruno Toledo Silva ◽  
Edviges Maristela Pituco ◽  
Viviane Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Serum Neutralization ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Background: Newborn calves are agammaglobulinemic, immunosuppressed and immunologically immature at birth. The passive immune transfer is fundamental to protect calves against pathogens. The decay of maternal antibodies precedes the immune maturation at puberty enhancing the susceptibility of calves to infections caused by BVDV. Then, the objective of this research was to evaluate the interface between passive and active immunity for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Holstein dairy heifers in the first 13 months of age to detect susceptibility periods and establish prophylactic measures on prevention of Bovine Viral Diarrhea.Materials, Methods & Results: Sera were analyzed from 585 heifers by serum neutralization (SN) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the p80 protein of BVDV. Heifers were categorized according to their age by the month of life. Heifers were seropositive (100%) from 1st to 13th. Median of neutralizing antibodies (Ab) titers obtained from 1st up to 13th month were 316.2; 125.9; 63.1; 50.1; 50.1; 39.8; 63.1; 63.1; 39.8; 79.4, 100.0; 74.4; and 79.4, respectively. The neutralizing Ab titers obtained in 1st month were different of the values observed from 2nd until 13th (P < 0.001), furthermore the Ab titers from 2nd month was statistical different of 4th (P = 0.01) and 6th (P = 0.05). The frequencies (%) of positive heifers for p80 from 1st up to 13th were 24.7; 18.2; 10.4; 11.8; 73.3; 73.8; 72.4; 58.1; 45.9; 48.4; 46.2; 43.8 and 61.5, respectively. The correlation observed for neutralizing Ab titers and age was negative and weak (ρ= -0.299; P < 0.001). On the other hand, the correlation between positive heifers for p80 and age was positive and moderate (ρ= 0.319; P < 0.001).Discussion: The newborn calves had higher titers of neutralizing antibodies than other age groups and some calves were seropositive for the p80 protein. This profile points to the transfer of maternal antibodies produced by vaccination and/or natural exposure to BVDV. The exposure of the cows to the inactivated and live virus stimulates the production of neutralizing antibodies to the structural proteins of the virus, particularly the glycoprotein E2, detected by the serum neutralization test. The titers of serum neutralizing antibodies and the frequencies of seropositive for p80 protein decreased gradually from the first to the 4-6th month of life due to the metabolization of maternal immunoglobulins acquired by ingestion of colostrum. Frequencies of seropositive animals for protein p80 increased from the fifth month of life, which is the same moment that was observed declined of neutralizing maternal antibody titers. The phase of higher frequency of p80 positive animals coincides with greater rates of Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis. This history could justify the importance of the BVDV immunodepression as a risk factor for concomitant diseases. In general, the neutralizing antibody titers increased after the peaks of positive reactions to the p80 protein, but this moment coincides with the primo-vaccination in calves. Therefore, it is not possible to state the origin of these antibodies. Correlations between ages and serologic tests are consistent with previous data reporting the decrease in antibody titers and increase of seropositive animals for p80 protein, from the first month of life to puberty. In conclusion, maternal neutralizing Ab titers had gradual decreased whereas the frequency of positive heifers for p80 had increased values. The inversion observed between the maternal antibody titers and the increase in antibody for p80 indicates the moment of greatest risk for natural infections caused by BVDV.

Electroporation enhances immune responses and protection induced by a bovine viral diarrhea virus DNA vaccine in newborn calves with maternal antibodies

Vaccine ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (39) ◽  
pp. 6445-6454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk ◽  
Zoe Lawman ◽  
Don Wilson ◽  
Alain Luxembourg ◽  
Barry Ellefsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Newborn Calves ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

scholarly journals DNA prime–protein boost strategies protect cattle from bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 challenge

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Liang ◽  
J. V. van den Hurk ◽  
A. Landi ◽  
Z. Lawman ◽  
D. Deregt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Cpg Oligodeoxynucleotide ◽  
Protein Boost ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

At present, infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 occur nearly as frequently as those with BVDV type 1, so development of vaccines that protect cattle from both type 1 and type 2 BVDV has become critical. In this study, we compared various DNA prime–protein boost vaccination strategies to protect cattle from challenge with BVDV-2 using the major protective antigen of BVDV, glycoprotein E2. Calves were immunized with a plasmid encoding either type 1 E2 (E2.1) or type 2 E2 (E2.2) or with both plasmids (E2.1+E2.2). This was followed by a heterologous boost with E2.1, E2.2 or E2.1 and E2.2 protein formulated with Emulsigen and a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Subsequently, the calves were challenged with BVDV-2 strain 1373. All vaccinated calves developed both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including virus-neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ-secreting cells in the peripheral blood. Depletion studies showed that CD4+ T cells were responsible for IFN-γ production. Furthermore, the calves vaccinated with either the E2.2 or the E2.1+E2.2 vaccines were very well protected from challenge with BVDV-2, having little leukopenia and showing no weight loss or temperature response. In addition, the animals vaccinated with the E2.1 vaccine were partially protected, so there was a certain level of cross-protection. These data demonstrate that a vaccination strategy consisting of priming with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 DNA and boosting with E2.2 or E2.1+E2.2 protein fully protects cattle from BVDV-2 challenge.

scholarly journals Fusion to C3d Enhances the Immunogenicity of the E2 Glycoprotein of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1616-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshu Wang ◽  
J. Oriol Sunyer ◽  
Leonard J. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT The use of DNA and protein subunit vaccines in animals provides an opportunity to introduce vaccines that are arguably the safest that can be developed. For that reason, considerable effort is under way to devise methods of enhancing the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Seven years ago it was shown that fusing complement fragment C3d to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) enhanced the immunogenicity of HEL 10,000-fold. Based on this observation, we decided to evaluate the effect of C3d on the immunogenicity of the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). E2 is the major target of neutralizing antibody during BVDV infection. To test the effect of C3d on E2 immunogenicity, expression cassettes encoding a secreted form of E2 alone (E2s) or E2 fused to three copies of murine C3d (E2s-C3d) were constructed. The proteins were purified from the supernatants of transfected cells and used to immunize mice. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E2s-specific antibody and by a virus neutralization test. The ELISA results indicated that the E2s-C3d protein is 10,000-fold more immunogenic than the E2s protein alone. The maximum primary immune response was elicited with <0.1 μg of E2s-C3d protein without an adjuvant. In addition, we have shown for the first time that high levels of anti-E2s and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited when this same low concentration of E2s-C3d is used to both prime and boost the immune response. We conclude that the E2s-C3d fusion protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against BVDV infection.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of reindeer with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Rangifer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Morton ◽  
J.F. Evermann ◽  
R.A. Dieterich
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Two 8-month reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>) and a 1-month-old Hereford-Holstein calf (<em>Bos taurus</em>) were inoculated intranasally with the Singer (cytopathogenic) strain of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus. Clinical signs in reindeer included loose stools containing blood and mucus, and transient laminitis or coronitis. Signs in the calf were limited to bloody mucus in the stool and lesions in the nasal mucosa. Antibody titers to BVD virus in the reindeer were intermittent, and titers in the calf persisted from days 14 to 63 post-inoculation (PI). Viremia was detected on PI day 4 in one reindeer, days 3-7 in the other, and days 2-7 in the calf. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from the lung of the calf at necropsy (PI day 63).

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