PATH ANALYSIS TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN PRAKTIK PETERNAK BABI TERHADAP PENGENDALIAN HOG CHOLERA DI KECAMATAN KOTA RAJA KOTA KUPANG

Pig population in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2019 was recorded at around 2 million pigs. In east Nusa Tenggara around 85% of the households raise at least 1 (one) pig per household. Pig farming industry has its own challenges and resistances, one of the challenge is the threat of infectious diseases such as Hog cholera disease. Hog cholera is a disease caused by virus and has become endemic in most of the area in East Nusa Tenggara with relatively high prevalence. In Kupang City the prevalence of HC in 2018 was recorded at around 20,5%. The aim of this study is to analyse the relationship of pig farmer characteristics with knowledge level, attitude and practice regarding HC controlling and eradication in Kota Raja Sub-distric Kupang City. In this study, data was obtained by questionnaire and interview of pig farmers which was done in Kota Raja Sub-distric from August until October 2018. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistic and KAP studi data was analyzed with path analysis to measure the relationship between observed characteristics and HC controlling practice. The result of this study shows that variable that has the stongest relationship to practice is level of education with path coefficient (r) of -0,438 (P 0,027), followed by attitude with path coefficient (r) of 0,233 (P 0,000), and then followed by knowledge with path coefficient (r) of 0,224 (P 0,008) and the weakest realationship to practice is farmers age with path coefficient (r) of -0,049 (P 0,016).

Animals

This chapter discusses the crucial role that animals such as horses, hogs, and cattle played in the Civil War. Horses were the primary engine of the armies, and suffered from catastrophic losses during the war, as well as epidemic diseases. The authors discuss how the northern and southern armies acquired, treated, and cared for their horses. The chapter discusses the experience of horses in the Gettysburg and Chickamauga/Chattanooga campaigns. Hogs, the most utilitarian food source for the South, served as the major protein for the armies, and suffered from devastating epidemics of hog cholera. Cattle, the other major food source for both armies, faced their own difficulties due to disease and weather during the war, especially from floods and drought in California, as well as cattle tick fever.

General Review on Hog Cholera (Classical Swine Fever), African Swine Fever, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis Infection

Classical swine fever (CSF, hog cholera) has reemerged in Japan after 26 years and affected domestic pigs and wild boars. CSF was reported in Gifu prefecture on September 2018. Approximately 90,000 breeding domestic pigs were sacrificed by farmers of Gifu and Aichi prefectures to prevent expansion of CSF outbreak. In mid September 2019, CSF outbreaks have occurred in 8 prefectures in central Japan. African swine fever (ASF) is another viral infectious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boars, although the etiologic agent is different from that of CSF. Both CSF and ASF affect pig farmers because of their intense infectivity to domesticated pigs. Fortunately, the causative agents are not pathogenic to human. However, an enteric bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is pathogenic to pigs and humans. As Salmonella Choleraesuis causes food poisoning in humans, the infection is monitored by “Food Sanitation Law” in Japan. CSF, ASF, and Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis salmonellosis are translated in Japanese as “ton-korera,” “afurika ton-korera,” and “buta-korera,” respectively, wherein “ton” and “buta” both mean pig or hog. Therefore the above Japanese words mean hog cholera.

Biological and molecular characterization of classical swine fever challenge virus from Mongolia

Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera is a highly contagious disease and it causes significant damage to pig farming. The Biocombinat is producing live vaccine for Classical swine fever in our country. We determining vaccine potency test by challenging method in pigs. Virulence “Hungaria” strain injected in piglets with optimal doses. The strain was highly pathogenic. That virulence strain sequencing of 5’UTR genomic region compared with GenBank registered Classical swine fever strains. It was 98-100% consistent with Eystrup, 39, cF114, Koslov and India strains. Гахайн сонгомол мялзангийн шалгалтын омгийн генийн молекул биологийн судалгааны дүнгээс Хураангуй: Гахайн сонгомол мялзан өвчин нь гахайн аж ахуйд ихээхэн хохирол учруулдаг халдварлалт өндөртэй гоц халдварт өвчин юм. Манай орны хувьд гахайн сонгомол мялзангаас сэргийлэх амьд вакциныг Биокомбинатад үйлдвэрлэдэг ба тухайн вакцины идэвхит чанарыг амь сорилын аргаар гахайнд омгийг халдаах замаар тодорхойлдог. Энэхүү вакцины шалгалтын “Унгар” омгийн хоруу чанарыг тодорхойлох зорилгоор торойд зохих тунгаар халдварлуулахад омгийн эмгэг төрүүлэх чанар өндөртэй байв. Вакциныг шалгах зорилгоор ашиглаж байгаа омгийн 5`UTR генийн нуклеотидын дараалалыг Генбанкны бүртгэлд байгаа гахайн мялзангийн омгуудтай харьцуулан судалж үзэхэд Eystrup, 39, cF114, Koslov, India зэрэг омгуудын дараалалтай адил төсөөтэй (98-100%) болох нь тогтоогдов. Түлхүүр үг: амь сорил, полимеразын гинжин урвал, нуклеотидын дараалал

Revealing Vulnerabilities

The Civil War precipitated the breakdown of southerners’ extensive land-use system by removing vital agricultural resources and accelerating ongoing environmental damage. For four years, military operations ripped up fences, reduced open range, made roaming stock more vulnerable to soldiers, stopped the flow of fertilizers, and interfered with crop production. The practices of Civil War armies were not particularly destructive in a global context, but the antebellum farming system had made the South peculiarly vulnerable to them. Troop movements put pressure on soil and timber resources through constructing breastworks, trenches, and camps across farmland, and armies introduced a number of animal diseases to the more isolated parts of the South, such as hog cholera. Although in some ways, the war proved an ecological boon to the land as more fields lay fallow and southerners shifted reluctantly toward subsistence crops, the heavy tread of armies reshaped agriculture in ways that long outlasted the surrender.

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM POWDER ENHANCES SURVIVAL AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF WEANING PIGS

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) on growth performance, survival rates, and immunocompetence of the weaning pigs. A total of 45, 28-day-old Landrace weaning pigs were randomly divided into three groups of 15 pigs each. A corn–soybean meal-based control diet was formulated and the experimental diets included 0.3% and 0.6% GL powder. The groups were treated for 38 days. Pigs which fed both concentration of GL powder had significantly higher ([Formula: see text]) survival rates than the control group. Besides, pigs which fed 0.3% and 0.6% GL powder had increased lymphocyte proliferation indexes ([Formula: see text]) and the titer of neutralizing antibody against hog cholera (HC) ([Formula: see text]) on day 66 compared with pigs which fed control diet. No differences were found between treatments regarding the average daily gain (ADG), gain:feed (G:F) ratio and diarrhea score. Supplementation of GL powder showed no effects on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), which suggested that GL treatment has no immediate harm on liver or kidney. Based on these results, GL could be suggested as a potential feed additive of weaning pig diets to increase survival rate and immunocompetence.

Salmonella Infection: The Common Cause of Human Food Poisoning

Salmonellosis infection is caused by a Salmonella bacteria which was first found by Soholerin in 1839, and it isolated by Eberth in 1880 from the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen of a person died from typhoid fever. Salmonella was cultured by Gaffky in 1888 by Salmon and Smith from pigs which had died of hog cholera. The disease can affect all species of domestic animals and man , but young, aged, debilitated, stressed, pregnant, and lactating animals and humans are more susceptible, while immunosuppressed individuals with concomitant illness and those suffering from malnutrition are especially at risk for Salmonella infection. Permanent carriers of infected individuals usually harboring the organisms in the gallbladder, billiary tract, liver spleen, lymph modes, rarely the intestine or urinary tract. Therefore, the aim of this mini review is to focus the main sources of Salmonella food poisoning together with the main routes of infection in human and animals.