scholarly journals Novel ultraviolet absorbers derived from cashew nut shell liquid: spectrophotometric, in silico and in vitro assays

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Emeli Moura De Araújo ◽  
Luiz Antônio Soares Romeiro ◽  
Ana Paula Rodrigues ◽  
Priscilla Souza Alves ◽  
Viviane Cândida da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Uv Absorbers ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) constituents were isolated by our group leading to four mixtures and seventeen pure compounds, which had chromophoric groups similar to organic ultraviolet (UV) absorbers. In addition, C15 and C8 CNSL-derivatives molecules were rationally planned as UV absorbers. Mixtures and isolated CNSL compounds were demonstrated to be non-phototoxic when evaluated in a phototoxicity assay using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Considering the absorption values on the UV range, 6 compounds showed appropriate SPF values regarding the spectrophotometric test. Additionally, in silico and in vitro evaluations were performed, showing non-oral bioavailability, as well as non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic and non-phototoxic properties for the tested compounds. These results contribute favorably to the aimed use of the compounds under analysis as novel organic UV absorbers that have as precursor the phenolic lipid component of CNSL, a waste product obtained as the by-product of cashew nut food processing.

scholarly journals In vitro gas production kinetics and digestibility in ruminant diets with different levels of cashew nut shell liquid

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669
Author(s):  
Tatiana García Díaz ◽  
Antonio Ferriani Branco ◽  
Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Geraldo Tadeu dos Santos ◽  
Silvana Teixeira Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Production Kinetics ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.

scholarly journals Effect of cashew nut shell liquid at varying inclusion levels on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Adeola Patience Adetunji ◽  
Ronke Yemisi Aderinboye ◽  
Kafayat Omowunmi Adebayo ◽  
Victoria Olubunmi Ojo ◽  
Peter Ayodeji Idowu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals Front Cover: Valorisation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Phenolics in the Synthesis of UV Absorbers (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 30/2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (30) ◽  
pp. 4763-4763
Author(s):  
Kennedy J. Ngwira ◽  
Jonas Kühlborn ◽  
Quintino A. Mgani ◽  
Charles B. de Koning ◽  
Till Opatz
Keyword(s):  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Front Cover ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Uv Absorbers ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of the association of chitosan and cashew nut shell liquid as additives for ruminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cristina PEREIRA ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de GOES ◽  
Antônio Campanha MARTINEZ ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues GANDRA ◽  
Eduardo PRESENDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the in vitro digestibility of nutrients from different diets added with chitosan (Q), technic cashew nut shell liquid (LCC) and the association of Q and LCC. The treatments used consisted of 4 diets (forage: concentrate ratio of 100: 0, 50:50, 40:60 and 20:80) associated with 4 additives (control, chitosan, LCC and the association of Q + LCC), totaling 16 treatments, in a 4x4 factorial randomized block design. The dosages used were: Control (without additives), LCC (600mg/kg DM), Chitosan (900mg/kg DM), and LCCQ (600mg/kg LCC DM + 900mg/kg Chitosan DM). In the laboratory, samples were analyzed for IVDMD, IVNDFD, IVCPD, pH and RAN (ruminal ammonia nitrogen). For pH and RAN analyses, samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after incubation. The results showed higher digestibility of DM, NDF and CP for diets with chitosan and technic cashew nut shell liquid alone and higher pH and RAN values in the diets containing the two additives. The association of additives brings better results for animal nutrition and increases ruminant productivity.

Valorisation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Phenolics in the Synthesis of UV Absorbers

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (30) ◽  
pp. 4778-4790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennedy J. Ngwira ◽  
Jonas Kühlborn ◽  
Quintino A. Mgani ◽  
Charles B. de Koning ◽  
Till Opatz
Keyword(s):  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Uv Absorbers ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of cashew nut shell liquid as a methane-inhibiting and propionate-enhancing agent for ruminants

2010 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 5258-5267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Watanabe ◽  
R. Suzuki ◽  
S. Koike ◽  
K. Nagashima ◽  
M. Mochizuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals Effect of dietary inclusion of cashew nut shell liquid on in vitro and in vivo protein digestibility and utilization in West African dwarf goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
R. Y. Aderinboye ◽  
A. A. Busari ◽  
O. N. Olaoye ◽  
O. O. Adelusi ◽  
K. O Adebayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
West African ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Effect of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in diets for West African dwarf (WAD) goats on protein digestibility and utilization was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Four diets consisting of Panicum maximum supplemented with concentrate pellets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15mL/kg of CNSL were used. Panicum and pellets were combined in ratio 70: 30 of required dry matter (DM). For in vitro experiment, 500 mg (n=8 per diet) of diet samples (DM basis) were incubated at 39°C for 48 h following the procedure of Menke and Steingass (1988). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and bacteria count were determined after 24 and 48 h incubation by recovering feed residues and rumen liquor. For in vivo experiment, twenty-four WAD goats were divided into four groups of six animals each. Each group was fed one of the four diets at 5% body weight (DM basis). Dry matter and crude protein intake, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, rumen NH3-N, bacteria count and crudeprotein digestibility were measured during 98 days of feeding and digestibility trial. Experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design and data analyzed using one way analysis of variance procedure of SAS (1999). Results showed that 5 – 15 mL/kg CNSL in supplemental pellets reduced (P < 0.05) protein digestibility in vitro but increased (P < 0.05) total-tract protein digestibility in vivo. In vitro rumen NH3-N decreased (P < 0.05) with 5 – 15ml CNSL inclusion after 24 and 48 h. At 30 and 60 days post-feeding, 10 – 15 mL CNSL reduced (P < 0.05) rumen NH3-N in goats Protein efficiency ratio was higher (P < 0.05) with CNSL and goats fed 15 mL CNSL had the highest (P < 0.05) protein efficiency ratio. Rume bacteria population in vitro and in vivo decreased (P < 0.05) with 5 – 15 mL CNSL in supplemental pellets. In conclusion, the reduced in vitro protein digestibility with reduced NH3-Nproduction and bacteria population in vitro and in vivo suggests an inhibitory effect of CNSL on rumen proteolysis. Cashew nut shell liquid in supplemental pellet for WAD goats up to 15 mL/kg therefore inhibited dietary protein breakdown in the rumen with consequent improvement in protein digestibility and utilization at the lower tract.

In-silico Studies of Isolated Phytoalkaloid Against Lipoxygenase: Study Based on Possible Correlation

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-221
Author(s):  
Haroon Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zafar ◽  
Helena Den-Haan ◽  
Horacio Perez-Sanchez ◽  
Mohammad Amjad Kamal
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Lipoxygenase Inhibitors ◽  
Lipoxygenase Inhibition ◽  
In Silico Studies

Aim and Objective: Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes play an important role in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory and allergic diseases including bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic conjunctivitis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inhibitors of the LOX are believed to be an ideal approach in the treatment of diseases caused by its over-expression. In this regard, several synthetic and natural agents are under investigation worldwide. Alkaloids are the most thoroughly investigated class of natural compounds with outstanding past in clinically useful drugs. In this article, we have discussed various alkaloids of plant origin that have already shown lipoxygenase inhibition in-vitro with possible correlation in in silico studies. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking studies were performed using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) software. Among the ten reported LOX alkaloids inhibitors, derived from plant, compounds 4, 2, 3 and 1 showed excellent docking scores and receptor sensitivity. Result and Conclusion: These compounds already exhibited in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition and the MOE results strongly correlated with the experimental results. On the basis of these in vitro assays and computer aided results, we suggest that these compounds need further detail in vivo studies and clinical trial for the discovery of new more effective and safe lipoxygenase inhibitors. In conclusion, these results might be useful in the design of new and potential lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors.

Repurposing of auranofin against bacterial infections: An In silico and In vitro study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Arti Singh ◽  
Ruchika Sharma ◽  
Anoop Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Molecular Docking Study

Aim: The aim of the study was to find out the role of auranofin as a promising broad spectrum antibacterial agent. Methods: In-vitro assays (Percentage growth retardation, Bacterial growth kinetics, Biofilm formation assay) and In-silico study (Molegro virtual docker (MVD) version 6.0 and Molecular operating environment (MOE) version 2008.10 software). Results: The in vitro assays have shown that auranofin has good antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. Further, auranofin has shown synergistic activity in combination with ampicillin against S. aureus and B. subtilis whereas in combination with neomycin has just shown additive effect against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and B. pumilus. In vivo results have revealed that auranofin alone and in combination with standard drugs significantly decreased the bioburden in zebrafish infection model as compared to control. The molecular docking study have shown good interaction of auranofin with penicillin binding protein (2Y2M), topoisomerase (3TTZ), UDP-3-O-[3- hydroxymyristoyl] N-acetylglucosaminedeacetylase (3UHM), cell adhesion protein (4QRK), β-lactamase (5CTN) and arylsulphatase (1HDH) enzyme as that of reference ligand which indicate multimodal mechanism of action of auranofin. Finally, MTT assay has shown non-cytotoxic effect of auranofin. Conclusion: In conclusion, auranofin in combination with existing antibiotics could be developed as a broad spectrum antibacterial agent; however, further studies are required to confirm its safety and efficacy. This study provides possibility of use of auranofin apart from its established therapeutic indication in combination with existing antibiotics to tackle the problem of resistance.

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