scholarly journals A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Webster Leonardo Costa ◽  
Isa Barbosa ◽  
Débora Prado ◽  
Natália Domann ◽  
Hanstter Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Experimental Works

Toxoplasma gondii was initially classified in three main lineages related to its virulence: Types I, II and III. The recombination of genes during sexual cycle in felids gut led to more than 200 genotypes, found in ToxoDB database, using 11 RFLP markers. Free-range chickens are good bioindicators of soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In this sense, there are systematic reviews regarding data of genetic characterization of this parasite in felines and ruminants, but not in chickens heretofore, what makes this work necessary. A systematic review in the literature was performed with papers published prior to September 21st, 2020. The main inclusion criteria was the presence of T. gondii genotypes, isolated strictly from free-range chickens, in experimental works. Initially, a total of 1,343 studies related to the terms were identified on databases and 30 studies were selected to be systematically reviewed. A total of 561 isolates of T. gondii from 6,356 free-range chickens were analyzed for genotyping, revealing 190 genotypes. ToxoDB #59 and #2 were the most frequent in America, #1 was the most frequent in Africa and 3 atypical isolates from genotype ToxoDB #9 were found in Asia. There is not data from Europe and Oceania. The majority of studies were Brazilian (16/30). A total of 68 RFLP genotypes were recognized among the 561 isolates’ DNAs analyzed from the 30 studies. Some studies show new genotypes never described before, which reinforces the idea that some years from now, even more new genotypes will be isolated, due to progressive genetic recombination. The large amount of undefined genotypes makes it necessary to perform Nested PCR technique when genotyping. Moreover, the lack of data in Continents such as Europe, Asia and Oceania makes it necessary to perform new isolating and genotyping studies in these places.

Molecular and biological characterization ofToxoplasma gondiiisolates from free-range chickens from Guyana, South America, identified several unique and common parasite genotypes

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
pp. 1559-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. DUBEY ◽  
L. APPLEWHAITE ◽  
N. SUNDAR ◽  
G. V. VELMURUGAN ◽  
L. A. BANDINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
South America ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Clonal Type ◽  
Modified Agglutination Test ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Common Parasite

SUMMARYThe prevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiin free-ranging chickens (Gallus domesticus) is a good indicator of the prevalence ofT. gondiioocysts in the soil because chickens feed from the ground. The prevalence ofT. gondiiin 76 free-range chickens from Guyana, South America was determined. Antibodies toT. gondiiwere assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT), and found in 50 (65·8%) of 76 chickens with titres of 1:5 in four, 1:10 in one, 1:20 in five, 1:40 in seven, 1:80 in six, 1:160 in eight, 1:320 in four, 1:640 or higher in 15. Hearts and brains of 26 chickens with titres of <1:5 were pooled in 5 batches and bioassayed in mice. Hearts and brains of 50 chickens with titres of 1:5 or higher were bioassayed in mice.Toxoplasma gondiiwas isolated by bioassay in mice from 35 chickens with MAT titres of 1:20 or higher. All mice inoculated with tissues of 30 infected chickens remained asymptomatic.Toxoplasma gondiiisolates from 35 chickens were genotyped using 11 PCR-RFLP markers including SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, a new SAG2, and Apico. A total of 9 genotypes were identified, with 5 genotypes (nos 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7) unique to Guyana, 2 genotypes (nos 2 and 3) previously identified in chickens from Brazil, 1 genotype (no. 8) previously identified in chickens from Brazil, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, and 1 genotype (no. 9) belonging to the clonal type III lineage that exists globally. Infection with 2 genotypes was found from 1 chicken. This is the first report of genetic characterization ofT. gondiiisolates from any host from Guyana.

Seroprevalence, risk factors and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range white yaks (Bos grunniens) in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 211 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 300-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.Y. Qin ◽  
D.H. Zhou ◽  
W. Cong ◽  
X.X. Zhang ◽  
Z.L. Lou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Bos Grunniens

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens from grocery stores and farms in Maryland, Ohio and Massachusetts, USA

2017 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 1591-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqing Ying ◽  
Shiv K. Verma ◽  
Oliver C.H. Kwok ◽  
Fatima Alibana ◽  
Rima Mcleod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Free Range

Genetic characterization of Pepino mosaic virus isolates from Belgian greenhouse tomatoes reveals genetic recombination

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge M. Hanssen ◽  
Anneleen Paeleman ◽  
Lieve Wittemans ◽  
Kris Goen ◽  
Bart Lievens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes ◽  
Virus Isolates

Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in wildlife from Alabama, USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 1333-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yu ◽  
Jilong Shen ◽  
Chunlei Su ◽  
Christine A. Sundermann
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in donkeys in northeastern China

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 455-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Xuan Zhang ◽  
Wei Shi ◽  
Nian-Zhang Zhang ◽  
Kun Shi ◽  
Jian-Ming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Northeastern China

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates and Toxoplasmosis Seroprevalence in Stray Cats of İzmir, Turkey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e104930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Can ◽  
Mert Döşkaya ◽  
Daniel Ajzenberg ◽  
H. Gökhan Özdemir ◽  
Ayşe Caner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Isolates

Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii DNA Samples Isolated From Humans Living in North America: An Unexpected High Prevalence of Atypical Genotypes

2018 ◽  
Vol 218 (11) ◽  
pp. 1783-1791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Pomares ◽  
Sébastien Devillard ◽  
Tyson H Holmes ◽  
Tudor Rares Olariu ◽  
Cynthia J Press ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
High Prevalence

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens reveals new genotypes in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende ◽  
Jaqueline Ataíde Silva Lima da Igreja ◽  
Antônio Roberto Gomes-Júnior ◽  
Jade de Oliveira Melo ◽  
João Luís Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Seroprevalence Rate ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Peptic Digestion ◽  
Brain Cysts ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotypic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from free-range chickens in the metropolitan area of Goiânia, Goiás, in Brazil’s central-west region. The seroprevalence rate was found to be 96%, according to an indirect hemagglutination assay. Brain and heart samples were processed by peptic digestion for a mice bioassay. The tissues were homogenized and the resulting samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which revealed that 64% of them contained the parasite's DNA. The mice bioassay revealed 15 isolates, 8 of them tachyzoites isolates from the peritoneal lavage and 7 from brain cysts. T. gondii genotypes were determined through PCR-RFLP, using the following markers: SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, alt. SAG2, Apico and CS3. Three genotypes were identified, inclued ToxoDB #65, and the other two are not yet described in the literature. Hence, we conclude that the isolates obtained from the metropolitan area of Goiânia showed relatively low genetic diversity.

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