Such reservoir rocks as tar sands are characterized by significant attenuation and, in some cases, attenuation anisotropy. Most existing attenuation studies are focused on plane-wave attenuation coefficients, which determine the amplitude decay along the raypath of seismic waves. Here we study the influence of attenuation on PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients for anisotropic media with the main emphasis on transversely isotropic models with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI). Concise analytic solutions obtained by linearizing the exact plane-wave reflection coefficients are verified by numerical modeling. To make a substantial contribution to reflection coefficients, attenuation must be strong, with the quality factor [Formula: see text] not exceeding 10. For such highly attenuative media, it is also necessary to take attenuation anisotropy into account if the magnitude of the Thomsen-styleattenuation-anisotropy parameters is relatively large. In general, the linearized reflection coefficients in attenuative media include velocity-anisotropy parameters but have almost “isotropic” dependence on attenuation. Our formalism also helps evaluate the influence of the inhomogeneity angle (the angle between the real and imaginary parts of the slowness vector) on the reflection coefficients. A nonzero inhomogeneity angle of the incident wave introduces additional terms into the PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients, which makes conventional amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) analysis inadequate for strongly attenuative media. For instance, an incident P-wave with a nonzero inhomogeneity angle generates a mode-converted PS-wave at normal incidence, even if both half-spaces have a horizontal symmetry plane. The developed linearized solutions can be used in AVO inversion for highly attenuative (e.g., gas-sand and heavy-oil) reservoirs.
The influence of in-situ stress and geomechanical properties on P-wave reflection coefficients for HTI media