Electromagnetic Reflection Field Detection Based on TEO

Active electromagnetic detection explores targets using electromagnetic reflection field of metal objects. In view of the detection of active electromagnetic by detecting target reflection field, a Teager energy operator(TEO) is adopted to improve the electromagnetic reflection amplitude and instantaneous frequency detection method, the method of theoretical description and simulation verification has also carried out in this paper. Results show that this method is able to track the change of the single frequency signal of electromagnetic reflection field with good effect. It is also able to provide full details of the judgment to confirm the target. This method is simple and convenient for real-time processing, and has good application value.

Microwave realization of multiresonant metasurfaces for achromatic pulse delay

We propose a microwave realization of a metasurface that can delay broadband pulses without distortion in reflection. In order to obtain large and broadband pulse delay, we harness the synergetic phase delay of five sharply-resonant meta-atoms. More specifically, three electric-LC and two split ring resonators, supporting electric and magnetic dipole resonances, respectively, are combined in a subwavelength unit cell. The resonances are spectrally interleaved and specifically designed to provide a spectrally-constant reflection amplitude and group delay according to the prescription in [ACS Photonics 5, 1101, 2018]. The designed metasurface is electrically ultrathin (λ0/19), since it relies on resonant phase delay exclusively, instead of phase accumulation via propagation. We show delay of 700-MHz Gaussian pulses centred at 11 GHz by 1.9 ns, corresponding to approximately 21 carrier cycles. Our results highlight the practical potential of metasurfaces for broadband dispersion control applications.

An Ultrawideband Polarization-Insensitive Diffusion Metasurface Using Period Changed Unit Cell for RCS Reduction

A polarization-insensitive diffusion metasurface using a period-changed unit cell is presented for reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of metallic objects in ultrawideband. Two metallic Minkowski loops are proposed as coding elements, different from traditional designs. The “0” element is constructed by period-changed unit cells to achieve a 180 ± 30° phase difference with the same reflection amplitude of nearly −0.9 dB in an ultrawideband from 7.1 to 29.2 GHz. Multilayer geometry with a thickness of 4.5 mm (about 0.105λ0 at the lowest operating frequency) and rotational symmetry loops are used to realize the ultrawideband characteristic and polarization-insensitive behavior. For verification, a polarization-insensitive diffusion metasurface is designed, fabricated, and measured. The simulated and measured results of the diffusion metasurface are in good consistency and the results both show that the metasurface enables a 10 dB backscattering reduction over an amazing ultrawideband ranging from 7.1 to 29.2 GHz (BW of 122%).

Assessing the Impact of Drilling Tools on Wellbore Quality Using Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging

A detailed visualization of borehole size and shape, both while drilling and prior to running casing, completions, or wireline logging equipment, is an essential requirement to minimize non-productive time (NPT) associated with poor borehole quality or wellbore stability issues. The required visualization is made possible using logging-while-drilling (LWD) high-resolution ultrasonic imaging technology, suitable for both water-based mud (WBM) and oil-based mud (OBM) systems. This paper provides borehole size and shape assessment from field deployments of a 4¾-in. ultrasonic calliper and imaging tool, illustrating the impact on borehole quality of various bottom-hole assembly (BHA) designs, including positive displacement mud motors (PDMs) and rotary steerable systems (RSS). The visualization of borehole quality enables features such as borehole spiralling and enlargement to be assessed and used as input into optimizing completions planning and formation-evaluation programs. In addition, the combination of high-resolution travel-time and reflection-amplitude images enables artefacts induced by drilling equipment, including RSS, to be identified and understood. High-resolution travel-time and reflection-amplitude images and 3D borehole profile plots are presented from multiple wells, showing how different drilling systems and logging parameters, including drillstring rotation and logging speeds, impact borehole quality. The relationship between the angular bend in the PDM and the impact it has on borehole spiralling is discussed. The LWD logs presented illustrate the factors that influence borehole quality and the methodology used to ensure that high-resolution images are available in both vertical and high-inclination wellbores, leading to the ability to reduce the NPT associated with wellbore stability issues. The observation and assessment of drilling artefacts and irregular borehole size and shape act as inputs into optimizing completion and logging programs, evaluating the optimal placement of packers and other completion equipment, and the design of the drill bit and BHA. The ability to collect high-resolution travel-time and reflection-amplitude ultrasonic images in both WBM and OBM, in wellbores ranging from 5¾ to 7¼-in., leads to significant improvements in the understanding of wellbore quality. Borehole size and shape can now be visualized in real time in either water or oil-based drilling fluids at a resolution capable of identifying all significant drilling-induced geometric artifacts. This allows the adjustment of drilling parameters to minimize NPT associated with common drilling hazards, the optimization of completion programs and wireline logging programs.

Development of a Numerical Model to Predict the Dielectric Properties of Heterogeneous Asphalt Concrete

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been used for asphalt concrete (AC) pavement density prediction for the past two decades. Recently, it has been considered as a method for pavement quality control and quality assurance. A numerical method to estimate asphalt pavement specific gravity from its dielectric properties was developed and validated. A three-phase numerical model considering aggregate, binder, and air void components was developed using an AC mixture generation algorithm. A take-and-add algorithm was used to generate the uneven air-void distribution in the three-phase model. The proposed three-phase model is capable of correlating pavement density and bulk and component dielectric properties. The model was validated using field data. Two methods were used to calculate the dielectric constant of the AC mixture, including reflection amplitude and two-way travel time methods. These were simulated and compared when vertical and longitudinal heterogeneity existed within the AC pavement layers. Results indicate that the reflection amplitude method is more sensitive to surface thin layers than the two-way travel time methods. Effect of air-void content, asphalt content, aggregate gradation, and aggregate dielectric constants on the GPR measurements were studied using the numerical model.

Shallow Imaging of Gas and Hydrate Using the Deep-towed ACS Data in Joetsu Basin, Niigata, Japan

<p>The deep-towed Autonomous Continuous Seismic (ACS) is a deep-towed marine seismic acquisition method. The ACS utilizes high frequency seismic source (ranging from 700 Hz to 2300 Hz) and multi-channel receivers that both source and receivers can be located close the seafloor. Moreover, the ACS is suitable to obtain high-resolution image of shallow geological structures. Since ACS data acquisition can be operated near the seafloor, the ocean (strong) current makes the position of both receivers and sources irregular (unstable) and it is hard to measure the absolute depth of both receivers and sources. During data processing, the unstable depth of both sources and receivers not only make the recorded seismic reflection curve (hyperbolic curve) rugged, but also makes the velocity analysis process more difficult because the velocity semblance is not clear. In this study, we propose a processing scheme to solve the unstable source–receiver position problem and thus to construct an accurate final stack profile (Hutapea et al., 2020 doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103573). We used deep-towed ACS data acquired in the Joetsu Basin in Niigata, Japan, where hydrocarbon features in the form of gas chimneys, gas hydrate, and free gas have been observed. Furthermore, sidelobes in the ACS source signature defocus the source wavelet and decrease the bandwidth frequency content. We designed a filter to focus the source signature. Our proposed approach considerably improved the quality of bandwidth frequency of the source signature and the final stacked profile. Even though depth information was not available for all receivers, the velocity semblance was well focused. Our seismic attribute analyses for the final stack section shows that free gas accumulations are characterized by low reflection amplitude and an unstable frequency component, and that hydrate close to the seafloor can be identified by its high reflection amplitude.</p>

Terahertz Sensor Study Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

The spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) structure can be used as a sensor in THz region for the biosensing. The accuracy of resonance and amplitude for sensor is very important for biosensing. The momentum matching of SSPPs determines the resonance position and the gap distance determines the amplitude. For the biomolecular sensing, the sample is positioned between the prism base and the SSPPs structure. The momentum matching condition at the current study does not consider the effect of sample refractive index and the resonance position has a significant error. Here the correction is made to the momentum matching condition which considers the effect of the sample refractive index. A comparative study of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing performance based on frequency and angle variations shows that the sensing sensitivity for frequency region is superior to that of angle region; in the meanwhile, as an application of biosensors, we have detected different types of brain lesions in the frequency range. Furthermore, the reflection amplitude is related to gap size between the prism and SSPPs. The relationship of gap size and reflection amplitude is studied. By using the relationship between gap size and reflection amplitude, the amplitudes at different frequencies or incident angles for different refractivities have the same reflection dips compared to the other published results. The simulation is performed and the results proved the theory.