Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and their role in the immunopathogenesis of viral infections for example hepatitis B

A new approach in understanding the mechanisms of immune response in viral hepatitis is the discovery of a unique type of immune cells – plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are cells of lymphoid origin and morphologically resemble plasma cells. Functionally, they are professional IFN-a-producing cells that play an important role in antiviral immune response. Data on the mechanisms of PDCs participation in hepatitis B virus infection are few and contradictory. In chronic HBV infection, the role of pDCs remains mysterious and poorly understood with conflicting circulating blood pDCs results that show differently that they are not affected or reduced. However, functional disorders of pDCs were observed in patients with chronic HBV infection. The establishment of these mechanisms, as well as the search for the cause of hepatitis B virus latency and the formation of chronic infection remains one of the important and promising areas of scientific activities today.

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Characterization of the immune response to the hepatitis B virus X protein in acute and chronic HBV infection

Journal of Hepatology ◽

10.1016/0168-8278(89)90540-0 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. S182

Author(s):

M. Levrero ◽

A. Franco ◽

E. De Marzio ◽

C. Balsano ◽

M.L. Avantaggiati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

X Protein ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

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Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnancy: Immunological Response, Natural Course and Pregnancy Outcomes

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10132926 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 2926

Author(s):

Sirinart Sirilert ◽

Theera Tongsong

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Pregnancy Outcomes ◽

Natural Course ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv ◽

Adverse Pregnancy ◽

The Impact

This review aimed to provide an update on the impact of pregnancy on the natural course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and also on the impact of HBV infection on adverse pregnancy outcomes, including mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). For the literature review, original research articles, review articles, and guidelines were narratively reviewed and comprehensively validated. The databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL were carefully searched for articles in English on topics related to HBV infection, pregnancy, and vertical transmission from 1960 to May 2021. Immunological changes during pregnancy such as suppression of Th1 response and induction of Th2 immunity lead to an impaired immune reaction to HBV and stimulate viral activity along with the reduction of CD8 T cells to escape immune detection. The impact of pregnancy on the natural course of chronic HBV infection seems to be minimal, while pregnancy can increase morbidity and mortality in the case of advanced HBV hepatitis or cirrhosis. Importantly, hepatitis flare or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flare can occur during pregnancy and is more common during the postpartum period due to the interaction between HBV and the immune response. Interestingly, the impact of HBV infection on adverse pregnancy outcomes is more serious than ever thought. Updated evidence indicates that pregnancies with chronic HBV infection increase the risk of preterm birth and gestational diabetes, especially in cases of positive hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg).

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G‐to‐A Hypermutation in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Clinical Course of Patients with Chronic HBV Infection

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/598951 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 199 (11) ◽

pp. 1599-1607 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Chiemi Noguchi ◽

Michio Imamura ◽

Masataka Tsuge ◽

Nobuhiko Hiraga ◽

Nami Mori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

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Hepatic expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in chronic HBV infection

Hepatology ◽

10.1016/0270-9139(93)91988-5 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. A115

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

Hepatic Expression ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

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A Method to Detect Hepatitis B Virus-specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Patients with Acute and Chronic HBV Infection

Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease ◽

10.1007/978-4-431-68255-4_44 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 168-172

Author(s):

Geert Leroux-Roels ◽

Els Van Hecke ◽

Jozef Paradijs ◽

Chantal Molitor ◽

Carine Bastin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

T Lymphocytes ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

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Association of STAT3 and STAT4 polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20190783 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Han Shi ◽

Hongyan He ◽

Suvash Chandra Ojha ◽

Changfeng Sun ◽

Juan Fu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

Abstract Background: It has been reported that polymorphisms of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 and STAT4 might be associated with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and risk of chronic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Owing to limitation of sample size and inconclusive results, we conducted a meta-analysis to clarify the association. Methods: We identified relevant studies by a systematic search of Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library up to 20 February 2019. The strength of the association measured by odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was studied. All the statistical analyses were conducted based on Review Manager 5.3 software. Results: A total of 5242 cases and 2717 controls from five studies were included for the STAT3 polymorphism, 5902 cases and 7867 controls from nine studies for the STAT4 polymorphism. Our results suggested that STAT3 rs1053004 polymorphism was a significant risk factor of chronic HBV infection (C vs. T: OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07–1.29, PA=0.0007; CC + CT vs. TT: OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.09–1.76, PA=0.008). Validation with all the genetic models revealed that rs7574865 polymorphism of STAT4 gene was closely associated with chronic HBV infection (PA<0.01) and chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related HCC (PA<0.05). Meanwhile, the authenticity of the above meta-analysis results was confirmed by trial sequential analysis (TSA). Conclusions: The meta-analysis showed that STAT3 rs1053004 polymorphism may be the risk for developing chronic HBV infection but not associated with HCC. The present study also indicates that STAT4 rs7574865 polymorphism increased the risk of chronic HBV infection and HCC.

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Comparison of Envelope and Precore/Core Variants of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) during Chronic HBV Infection

Virology ◽

10.1006/viro.1993.1462 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 196 (1) ◽

pp. 138-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Masahiro Takayanagi ◽

Shinichi Kakumu ◽

Tetsuya Ishikawa ◽

Yasuyuki Higashi ◽

Kentaro Yoshioka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

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Soluble immune markers in the different phases of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-50729-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Steffen B. Wiegand ◽

Bastian Beggel ◽

Anika Wranke ◽

Elmira Aliabadi ◽

Jerzy Jaroszewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbeag Seroconversion ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Immune Markers ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽

B Virus ◽

Chronic Hbv

Abstract Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may follow four different consecutive phases, which are defined by virology as well as biochemical markers and differ in terms of prognosis and need for antiviral treatment. Currently, host responses reflected by immune markers are not considered in this definition. We aimed to study soluble immune markers and their distribution in different phases of chronic HBV infection. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, we investigated a panel of 14 soluble immune markers (SIM) including CXCL10 in 333 patients with chronic HBV infection. In a small cohort of HBeAg positive patients we analyzed SIM before and after HBeAg seroconversion and compared seroconverters to patients with unknown outcome. Significant differences were documented in the levels of several SIM between the four phases of chronic HBV infection. The most pronounced difference among all investigated SIM was observed for CXCL10 concentrations with highest levels in patients with hepatitis. TGF-β and IL-17 revealed different levels between HBeAg negative patients. HBeAg positive patients with HBeAg seroconversion presented higher amounts of IL-12 before seroconversion compared to HBeAg positive patients with unknown follow up. SIM such as CXCL10 but also IL-12, TGF-β and IL-17 may be useful markers to further characterize the phase of chronic HBV infection.

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Chronic hepatitis B virus infection and total and cause-specific mortality: a prospective cohort study of 0.5 million people

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027696 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e027696 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jiahui Si ◽

Canqing Yu ◽

Yu Guo ◽

Zheng Bian ◽

Ruogu Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hbv Infection ◽

Chronic Hepatitis B Virus ◽

B Virus ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Chronic Hbv

ObjectivesChronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a higher risk of liver diseases. Substantial uncertainty remains, however, about the associations of HBV infection with mortality from extrahepatic causes, especially from subtypes of cardiovascular diseases. We prospectively examined the association of chronic HBV infection with total and cause-specific mortality.DesignPopulation-based prospective cohort study.SettingChina Kadoorie Biobank in which participants from 10 geographically diverse areas across China were enrolled between 2004 and 2008.Participants475 801 participants 30–79 years of age without reporting major chronic diseases at baseline were enrolled. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was tested using an on-site rapid test strip at baseline.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTotal and cause-specific mortality.ResultsA total of 35 822 deaths were recorded during ~10 years of follow-up. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, compared with HBsAg-negative participants, HBsAg-positive participants had an increased risk of total mortality (HR=2.01, 95% CI: 1.91 to 2.12), which was higher in men (HR=2.16, 95% CI: 2.01 to 2.31) than in women (HR=1.74, 95% CI: 1.60 to 1.90). Presence of HBsAg was associated with increased mortality from liver cancer (1339 deaths, HR=13.95, 95% CI: 12.46 to 15.62), infections (410 deaths, HR=10.30, 95% CI: 8.21 to 12.94), digestive diseases (688 deaths, HR=6.83, 95% CI: 5.49 to 8.50), intracerebral haemorrhage (4077 deaths, HR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.68) and ischaemic heart diseases (4624 deaths, HR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.58). The positive association between HBsAg status and risk of death was stronger in participants younger than 50 years, smokers, physically active or non-hypertensive participants.ConclusionsAmong Chinese adults, chronic HBV infection was associated with increased mortality from a range of hepatic and extrahepatic diseases.

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