Relationship between the vertical craniofacial disproportions and the cervicovertebral morphology in adult subjects

Introduction. Orthodontic diagnosis includes the interpretation of the relations between the craniofacial and cervical system, given the potential impact of the irregularities from one system to another. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine morphological characteristics of the cervical spine, depending on the parameters of the vertical craniofacial growth and gender in adult subjects. Methods. The sample comprised lateral cephalograms of 120 subjects with different vertical facial growth, aged 17.5-35 years. Measured parameters were the following: anterior and posterior vertebral body height (ABHC2-C5, PBHC2-C5), anterior and posterior intervertebral space (AISC2-C5, PISC2-C5), distance between vertebrae and point sella (SC2, SC3, SC4), pterygomaxillare (PmC2), gonion (GoC2) and basion (BaC4); cervical spine angulation (OPT/CVT) and inclination (OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR). Results. Results showed that subjects with anterior facial growth rotation have greater values for BaC4, OPT/HOR, CVT/HOR, OPT/CVT, anterior and posterior vertebral body heights and intervertebral spaces, and lower values for GoC2 and PmC2. Higher values in males were found for anterior and posterior vertebral body heights, distances SC2, SC3, SC4, and BaC4. In females, the greater values were found for GoC2 and ???/?VT. Conclusion. Subjects with anterior facial growth rotation have greater cervical spine inclination and angulation, higher cervical vertebrae and intervertebral spaces, longer upper cervical spines and shorter distances GoC2 and PmC2. Males show smaller cervical column curvature, but higher cervical vertebrae and greater length of the upper cervical spine.

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Reconstruction of the Upper Cervical Spine Using a Personalized 3D-Printed Vertebral Body in an Adolescent With Ewing Sarcoma

Spine ◽

10.1097/brs.0000000000001179 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. E50-E54 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Nanfang Xu ◽

Feng Wei ◽

Xiaoguang Liu ◽

Liang Jiang ◽

Hong Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Vertebral Body ◽

Ewing Sarcoma ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Upper Cervical ◽

3D Printed

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Upper Cervical Spine Anomalies and Osseous Nasopharyngeal Depth

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1401.14 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 14-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

George S. Osborne ◽

Samuel Pruzansky ◽

Herbert Koepp-Baker

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Matched Control ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Control Groups ◽

Control Subjects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Upper Cervical

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of anomalies of the upper cervical vertebrae on the antero-posterior diameter of the nasopharyngeal port. The osseous nasopharyngeal depth was determined from lateral roentgencephalograms for 38 congenital palatopharyngeal incompetent (CPI) patients with anomalies of the upper cervical vertebrae, 38 CPI patients without cervical anomalies, and 76 matched control subjects. Comparison of these measures between groups revealed a significantly greater osseous nasopharyngeal depth in those CPI patients with cervical anomalies. No significant difference existed between the CPI patients without cervical anomalies and their matched controls or between the two matched control groups.

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Pediatric occipitocervical fusion: long-term radiographic changes in curvature, growth, and alignment

Journal of Neurosurgery Pediatrics ◽

10.3171/2016.4.peds15567 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 644-652 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Eduardo Martinez-del-Campo ◽

Jay D. Turner ◽

Hector Soriano-Baron ◽

Anna G. U. S. Newcomb ◽

Samuel Kalb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Vertebral Body ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Body Height ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Normal Children ◽

Sagittal Vertical Axis ◽

Vertical Growth ◽

The Mean

OBJECTIVE The authors assessed the rate of vertebral growth, curvature, and alignment for multilevel constructs in the cervical spine after occipitocervical fixation (OCF) in pediatric patients and compared these results with those in published reports of growth in normal children. METHODS The authors assessed cervical spine radiographs and CT images of 18 patients who underwent occipitocervical arthrodesis. Measurements were made using postoperative and follow-up images available for 16 patients to determine cervical alignment (cervical spine alignment [CSA], C1–7 sagittal vertical axis [SVA], and C2–7 SVA) and curvature (cervical spine curvature [CSC] and C2–7 lordosis angle). Seventeen patients had postoperative and follow-up images available with which to measure vertebral body height (VBH), vertebral body width (VBW), and vertical growth percentage (VG%—that is, percentage change from postoperative to follow-up). Results for cervical spine growth were compared with normal parameters of 456 patients previously reported on in 2 studies. RESULTS Ten patients were girls and 8 were boys; their mean age was 6.7 ± 3.2 years. Constructs spanned occiput (Oc)–C2 (n = 2), Oc–C3 (n = 7), and Oc–C4 (n = 9). The mean duration of follow-up was 44.4 months (range 24–101 months). Comparison of postoperative to follow-up measures showed that the mean CSA increased by 1.8 ± 2.9 mm (p < 0.01); the mean C2–7 SVA and C1–7 SVA increased by 2.3 mm and 2.7 mm, respectively (p = 0.3); the mean CSC changed by −8.7° (p < 0.01) and the mean C2–7 lordosis angle changed by 2.6° (p = 0.5); and the cumulative mean VG% of the instrumented levels (C2–4) provided 51.5% of the total cervical growth (C2–7). The annual vertical growth rate was 4.4 mm/year. The VBW growth from C2–4 ranged from 13.9% to 16.6% (p < 0.001). The VBW of C-2 in instrumented patients appeared to be of a smaller diameter than that of normal patients, especially among those aged 5 to < 10 years and 10–15 years, with an increased diameter at the immediately inferior vertebral bodies compensating for the decreased width. No cervical deformation, malalignment, or detrimental clinical status was evident in any patient. CONCLUSIONS The craniovertebral junction and the upper cervical spine continue to present normal growth, curvature, and alignment parameters in children with OCF constructs spanning a distance as long as Oc–C4.

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BONE REGENERATION AFTER HALO-TRACTION FOR ATLANTO-AXIAL TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION

Hirurgiâ pozvonočnika ◽

10.14531/ss2005.3.33-38 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 033-038

Author(s):

Vladimir Alekseyevich Moiseenko ◽

Sergey Valeryevich Arzhanukhin

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Cervical Spine Injuries ◽

Halo Traction ◽

Spine Injuries ◽

Traumatic Dislocation ◽

Upper Cervical ◽

Traumatic Spondylolisthesis

Objectives. To analyze the outcomes of halo-traction for treatment of the upper cervical spine injuries. Materials and Methods. The outcomes of treatment of 354 patients with the trauma of the cervical spine were analyzed. Out of them 150 patients had injuries of С1–С2 (42,4 %). Bipolar halo-traction was used for treatment of fresh, old and neglected injuries with fragment dislocations in the upper cervical spine. Clinical, radiological and CT examinations of the cervical spine were performed. Results. Bipolar halo-traction was performed in 31 out of 59 patients with transdental dislocations, in 14 out of 26 patients with traumatic spondylolisthesis, and in 9 out of 13 patients with multifocal disorders. Monopolar halo-traction was used in 3 out of 7 patients with С1 Jefferson fractures. Satisfactory results were achieved in 47 out of 48 patients treated by halo-traction. The treatment has failed in one patient with a false joint of the dens and atlanto-axial instability. Conclusions. Bipolar halo-traction is effective for acute monofocal or multifocal injuries of the cervical spine, and for pathological course of bone regeneration after fractures of the upper cervical vertebrae.

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Single-Staged Transoral Intra-Lesional Excision of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Axis (C2) Vertebra and Temporary Stabilization of Upper Cervical Spine in an Adolescent: A Case Report

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v18i2.87 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Khan ES ◽

Hazwan AW ◽

Sharifudin MA ◽

Ramos J ◽

Pingel A ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst ◽

Cervical Vertebrae ◽

Bone Cyst ◽

The Body ◽

Tumour Resection ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Upper Cervical ◽

C2 Vertebra ◽

Temporary Stabilization

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) infrequently occurs within the upper cervical vertebrae. Various therapeutic options have been reported in the literature. We would like to share our experience in managing a case of a 16-year-old girl diagnosed with ABC at the body of axis (C2) vertebra. Serious attention had to be given on the stability of the cervical spine following tumour resection, which can be affected by the mode of treatment chosen. Instability can have a detrimental effect on the cervical spine, in which case may necessitate further surgery. We performed a single-staged intra-lesional curettage via a transoral approach and temporary non-fusion posterior stabilization of C1 lateral mass screw and C2 pedicle screw. The implants were removed after six months once ossification of C2 has taken place to regain full motion of the neck. There was no evidence of recurrence or instability of the cervical spine three years following surgery.

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Upper cervical spine reconstruction using customized 3D-printed vertebral body in 9 patients with primary tumors involving C2

Annals of Translational Medicine ◽

10.21037/atm.2020.03.32 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 332-332

Author(s):

Feng Wei ◽

Zhehuang Li ◽

Zhongjun Liu ◽

Xiaoguang Liu ◽

Liang Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Vertebral Body ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Primary Tumors ◽

Upper Cervical ◽

3D Printed

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Endonasal Surgery of the Upper Cervical Spine: A Morphometric Analysis

Skull Base ◽

10.1055/s-2008-1093170 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

Harminder Singh ◽

Bartosz Grobelny ◽

Adam Flanders ◽

Marc Rosen ◽

Paul Schiffmacher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Morphometric Analysis ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Endonasal Surgery ◽

Upper Cervical

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Defining the Nasopalatine Line: Anatomic Limitations for Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery of the Odontoid Process and Upper Cervical Spine

Skull Base ◽

10.1055/s-2008-1093252 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

John de Almeida ◽

Adam Zanation ◽

Ricardo Carrau ◽

Amin Kassam ◽

Carl Snyderman

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

Odontoid Process ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery ◽

Endonasal Surgery ◽

Endoscopic Endonasal ◽

Upper Cervical

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A 3D-Printed Model-Assisted Cervical Spine Instrumentation after Tumor Resection in a 4-Year-Old Child: A Case Report

Pediatric Neurosurgery ◽

10.1159/000514248 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Marko Jug

Keyword(s):

Cervical Spine ◽

3D Model ◽

Intraoperative Complications ◽

Tumor Resection ◽

Upper Cervical Spine ◽

Spine Instrumentation ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Spinal Navigation ◽

Upper Cervical ◽

3D Printed

Introduction: In the case of tumor resection in the upper cervical spine, a multilevel laminectomy with instrumented fixation is required to prevent kyphotic deformity and myelopathy. Nevertheless, instrumentation of the cervical spine in children under the age of 8 years is challenging due to anatomical considerations and unavailability of specific instrumentation. Case Presentation: We present a case of 3D-printed model-assisted cervical spine instrumentation in a 4-year-old child with post-laminectomy kyphotic decompensation of the cervical spine and spinal cord injury 1 year after medulloblastoma metastasis resection in the upper cervical spine. Due to unavailability of specific instrumentation, 3D virtual planning was used to assess and plan posterior cervical fixation. Fixation with 3.5 mm lateral mass and isthmic screws was suggested and the feasibility of fixation was confirmed “in vitro” in a 3D-printed model preoperatively to reduce the possibility of intraoperative implant-spine mismatch. Intraoperative conditions completely resembled the preoperative plan and 3.5 mm polyaxial screws were successfully used as planned. Postoperatively the child made a complete neurological recovery and 2 years after the instrumented fusion is still disease free with no signs of spinal decompensation. Discussion/Conclusion: Our case shows that posterior cervical fixation with the conventional screw-rod technique in a 4-year-old child is feasible, but we suggest that suitability and positioning of the chosen implants are preoperatively assessed in a printed 3D model. In addition, a printed 3D model offers the possibility to better visualize and sense spinal anatomy “in vivo,” thereby helping screw placement and reducing the chance for intraoperative complications, especially in the absence of intraoperative spinal navigation.

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