American Rights in the Panama Canal

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman J. Padelford
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Source Materials

The return of maritime warfare in the Atlantic and Pacific, and the proclamation by the United States of its neutrality in the existing state of war, raise anew important questions of law concerning the Panama Canal. While there is an abundant literature on the history of the Canal project, on the Panama Revolution, the Tolls controversy, the economic importance of the Canal and the cost of its defense, little has been written on the legal status of the Canal as a completed and operating institution. No complete survey of the treaties, laws, executive orders, regulations, agreements, opinions and decisions, and diplomatic correspondence seems to exist. Only by a laborious consultation of source materials, not all of which are easily accessible, can a comprehensive picture of the legal situation be pieced together. It is hoped that the treatment which follows may help to fill this lacuna.

scholarly journals The Route to the USMLE: The Shibboleth of Modern Medical Licensure

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Howard Wainer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
British Raj ◽  
Medical Licensing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Licensing Examination ◽  
Multiple Choice Exam ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT The formal licensing of physicians in the United States began with the 1889 Supreme Court Decision Dent v. West Virginia. From that time forward, tests, in one form or another, have played a crucial role in medical licensing. In this essay we trace the history of testing from its beginnings in Xia dynasty China, 4000 years ago, though its adoption for the Indian civil service system by the British Raj, and finally ending with the 1992 introduction of the modern United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). The focus here is on the most important development in testing since the Jesuits introduced written exams to the West in 1599 — the substitution of a large number of objectively scored multiple choice exam questions for a relatively small number of essays or interview questions. This approach provided increased reliability and validity of score, broadened the number of topics that could be addressed, diminished the cost of the exam, allowed results to be calculated almost instantly, and, through the use of computerized test administration, provided the opportunity for tests to be individually tailored for each examinee while maintaining comparability of scores across all examinees.

The Panama Canal: Waterway for the Twenty-First Century

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard E. Kurz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Ownership Transfer ◽  
Changing Trends ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canal Operation ◽  
Current Operation ◽  
Future Plans

This paper describes what is happening in Panama with regard to the Canal's current operation and future plans. Beginning with a history of the Canal's recent ownership transfer from the United States back to Panama, the paper continues by describing changing trends in the use of the Canal. A brief discussion of laws in place that prevent interruption of Canal operation, such as provisions against strikes, is also included. Other interesting specifics, such as the fact that usage of the Canal is increasing and so are the sizes of the ships using the Canal, are incorporated throughout the discussion. Future renovations look promising, and there is no reason to fear for the future of the Canal and its increasingly important role in this ever-changing world.

Parental legal authority to determine and change the name, patronymic and surname of children: continuity of approaches in the Soviet and Russian legal systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Nataliya Burdanova
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Legal Authority ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Legal Situation ◽  
History Of

Using the example of parental powers to determine and change the name, patronymic and surname of children, the article examines the regularity of the formation and development of the institution of personal non-property rights and responsibilities of parents in Russia. The author describes the legal situation of parents and children established in the monarchic period of Russian history by 1917. Issues such as the prerequisites for the establishment of the legal institution of the branch of family law in the Soviet legal system and the nature and causes of changes in the legal status of children depending on the legality of birth have been raised. The rights and duties of parents, differences in the legal status of men and women, and the influence of marital status and other circumstances were considered. The main sources of the study were normative legal acts and judicial practice of the Soviet and Russian periods of the history of the national state and law. The study concluded that a comprehensive approach had been developed in Soviet family law to regulate parental authority to determine and change the children’s first name, patronymic and surname. The modern Russian legal system has adopted rules establishing parental authority to determine and change the children’s first name, patronymic and surname of the Soviet legal system.

The Status of the United States Forces in English Law

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-73
Author(s):  
Egon Schwelb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
English Law

It is proposed to deal in this article with the English law concerning the legal status of the United States forces present in the territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland during the present war. The history of, and the controversies regarding, the legal position of friendly armed forces on foreign territory in international law remain outside of the scope of the present survey, which is devoted to the municipal aspect of the matter. In order, however, to give a picture of the whole body of English law applicable to the American forces we shall include a few remarks on the development of the question in English municipal and British imperial law, and it will also be necessary to compare the provisions concerning the United States forces with those regulating the status of the other allied and associated forces at present stationed in the British Isles, as well as with the provisions regarding visiting Dominion troops. As will be seen later there has been a certain amount of interdependence between international and interimperial relations with regard to the legal problem with which we are concerned.

In Defense of Civil and Religious Liberty: Anti-Sabbatarianism in the United States before the Civil War

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Liberty ◽  
Jacksonian Era ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Relations

The decades before the Civil War witnessed a series of battles over the meaning and legal status of the American Sabbath. Scholarship has focused on the Sabbatarian movement, a cluster of evangelical churches that sought to institutionalize the Sunday Sabbath. This article takes a new approach by investigating the anti-Sabbatarian movement. In a series of controversies, from Sunday mail in the Jacksonian era to the running of Sunday streetcars on the eve of the Civil War, anti-Sabbatarians rallied against Sabbath laws as an infringement of civil and religious liberty. Though diverse in orientation, anti-Sabbatarians agreed that religion and politics should be kept apart, and that the United States was not, in constitutional terms, a Christian nation. A study of anti-Sabbatarianism is thus of rich significance for the history of Church-State relations in the United States.

After Cloven Tongues of Fire

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Hollinger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Basis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

The role of liberalized, ecumenical Protestantism in American history has too often been obscured by the more flamboyant and orthodox versions of the faith that oppose evolution, embrace narrow conceptions of family values, and continue to insist that the United States should be understood as a Christian nation. This book examines how liberal Protestant thinkers struggled to embrace modernity, even at the cost of yielding much of the symbolic capital of Christianity to more conservative, evangelical communities of faith. If religion is not simply a private concern, but a potential basis for public policy and a national culture, does this mean that religious ideas can be subject to the same kind of robust public debate normally given to ideas about race, gender, and the economy? Or is there something special about religious ideas that invite a suspension of critical discussion? These essays, collected here for the first time, demonstrate that the critical discussion of religious ideas has been central to the process by which Protestantism has been liberalized throughout the history of the United States, and shed light on the complex relationship between religion and politics in contemporary American life. The book brings together in one volume the author's most influential writings on ecumenical Protestantism. It features an informative general introduction as well as concise introductions to each essay.

Wage Rates in the Early National Period: Philadelphia, 1785–1830

1968 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Adams
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early National Period ◽  
Early American ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
United States Economy ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

Recent scholarly work in the economic history of the precivil War United States has produced an impressive array of statistical data. Estimates of income, output, capital stock, and population growth and distribution have been generated utilizing a variety of empirical sources and statistical techniques. But, despite these welcome advances in our knowledge and understanding of the early American economy, a number of important statistical records continue to elude scholars of the period. Information concerning immigration before 1820, the occupational distribution of the labor force, employment statistics, the cost of living, and the level and movement of retail prices and wages would, if available, prove valuable additions to our growing knowledge of the United States economy before 1860.

Comments on the Articles by Karl R. Stadler and Jon D. Berlin

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Béla Bellér
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Substantial Agreement ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
History Of ◽  
Source Materials

Stadler's study, focused on Austro-Hungarian relations, sheds light on half-a-century's history of the Burgenland; Berlin's work deals with the Burgenland policy of the United States during the decisive years of 1918–1920. Both articles are based on valuable source materials. They are balanced in their evaluations, and the conclusions reached by both authors are in substantial agreement.

Why Was Louis Riel, a United States Citizen, Hanged as a Canadian Traitor in 1885?

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (s1) ◽  
pp. s244-s264
Author(s):  
Jeremy Ravi Mumford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

In what sense was Louis Riel, a foreign citizen who had formally renounced his allegiance to Britain, a traitor to the Queen? And why did his adopted country, the United States, do nothing to protect him? Since the Canadian Naturalization Act of 1881 for the first time permitted emigrants to renounce their British allegiance, Riel’s legal status was no different from that of any foreigner, and to charge a foreigner with treason was unusual and controversial. The United States, furthermore, had a history of advocating aggressively for citizens charges with crimes abroad, even when they were clearly guilty, and especially for political militants in Britain and Canada. Yet for a number of independent reasons, including decisions of courtroom strategy and the internal politics of the United States in 1885, Riel’s lawyers and his adopted government chose not to raise his citizenship as an issue. The surprising silence about his US citizenship at the end of his life has distorted our historical understanding of Riel as a figure of the nineteenth-century Canadian-American borderland.

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