Managing African Elephants for Ivory Production Through Ivory Trade Regulations

After careful examination of trade and other statistics, notably in Hong Kong and Japan, which are the two major importers of African elephant ivory, the authors calculated average tusk weights and estimated the number of elephants involved in Africa's raw ivory exports. They conclude that previous estimates of the number of African elephants killed have been exaggerated.

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Elephant are not beetles: implications of the ivory trade for the survival of the African elephant

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605300023012 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 188-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Joyce H. Poole ◽

Jorgen B. Thomsen

Keyword(s):

Scientific Community ◽

Field Data ◽

African Elephant ◽

Population Modelling ◽

African Elephants ◽

Trade Data ◽

The Past ◽

The Future ◽

Ivory Trade

The scientific community now agrees that, more than anything else, it is the killing of African elephants for the ivory trade that has caused the very dramatic declines in elephant populations witnessed over the past decade. Based on samples of ivory trade data, recent population modelling and field data, the authors discuss the implications of the ivory trade for the future survival of viable populations of African elephants.

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The Conservation of African Elephants under the CITES International Ivory Trade Ban

Kathmandu School of Law Review ◽

10.46985/kslr.v7i2.1210 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 71-83

Author(s):

Tatenda Leopold Chakanyuka

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Economic Incentives ◽

Domestic Market ◽

Illegal Trade ◽

African Elephants ◽

Elephant Conservation ◽

The One ◽

Ivory Trade ◽

Opening Up

1989 CITES decision to put a total ban on international trade in ivory and the decisions to allow the 1999 and 2008 one-off-sales have generated polarized debates on whether or not these decisions are the reasons behind increasing levels of poaching in Africa. An undisputed fact is that; international illegal ivory trade has promoted rampant elephant poaching in Africa. What has and is contested is whether the ban or the one-off sales have a role to play in the current elephant poaching and increase in the illegal ivory trade. The Southern African range countries blame the international ivory trade ban for the current ivory poaching levels, while Countries such as Kenya, Benin and Uganda have blamed the sales for reigniting international appetite for ivory. The available evidence suggests that the international ivory trade ban with an unbanned domestic market has promoted poaching and negatively impacted on range countries’ ability to effectively and sustainably protect elephants. Besides the reduction or elimination of revenue, the ban undermined the economic incentives associated with elephant conservation, thereby making elephant conservation unattractive, unachievable and subsequently opening up to poaching and illegal trade.

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Inferring Hunting Patterns on African Elephants from Tusks in the International Ivory Trade

Journal of Applied Ecology ◽

10.2307/2404032 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 503 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

T. Pilgram ◽

D. Western

Keyword(s):

African Elephants ◽

Ivory Trade

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The Craft, the Trade and the Elephants

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605300028842 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 363-366

Author(s):

Esmond Bradley Martin

Keyword(s):

African Elephants ◽

Ivory Trade

Carved ivory objects are widely sold in India, and up to 90 per cent to foreigners, either in exports or tourists’ accompanied luggage, which is a loophole in the government's otherwise complete ban on exports made from Indian ivory. Partly because of this ban, which has probably reduced elephant poaching in India, the ivory trade depends on imported African ivory, and the rise in price in recent years has been so steep that most carvers cannot affort to buy it. As a result the larger traders are turning to other crafts, and carvers are being re-trained to work in wood. This sad decline of an ancient skilled craft may, however, ease some of the pressure on both Indian and African elephants.

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TRAFFIC Reports on Illicit Ivory Trade and Ivory Identification

The Journal of Gemmology ◽

10.15506/jog.2020.37.3.230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 230-230

Author(s):

Carol M. Stockton

Keyword(s):

Ivory Trade

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Could a Legal Ivory Trade Reverse Present Declines in Elephant Populations in Africa? Predictions from an Engineer's Population Simulation Model

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2840346 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rowan B Martin

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Ivory Trade ◽

Population Simulation

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Emotional States of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Kept for Animal–Visitor Interactions, as Perceived by People Differing in Age and Knowledge of the Species

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 826

Author(s):

Ilaria Pollastri ◽

Simona Normando ◽

Barbara Contiero ◽

Gregory Vogt ◽

Donatella Gelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Methods ◽

Free Choice ◽

Loxodonta Africana ◽

Procrustes Analysis ◽

Emotional States ◽

African Elephants ◽

Daily Routines ◽

Video Clips ◽

Behavioral Expression ◽

Degree Of Separation

This study aimed to investigate how three groups of people of differing ages, and with differing knowledge of the species, perceived the emotional state of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) managed in captive and semi-captive environments. Fifteen video-clips of 18 elephants, observed during three different daily routines (release from and return to the night boma; interactions with visitors), were used for a free choice profiling assessment (FCP) and then analyzed with quantitative methods. A general Procrustes analysis identified two main descriptive dimensions of elephant behavioral expression explaining 27% and 19% of the variability in the children group, 19% and 23.7% in adults, and 21.8% and 17% in the expert group. All the descriptors the observers came up with showed a low level of correlation on the identified dimensions. All three observers’ groups showed a degree of separation between captive and semi-captive management. Spearman analyses showed that stereotypic “trunk swirling” behavior correlated negatively with first dimension (free/friendly versus sad/bored) in the children’s group; second dimension (agitated/confident versus angry/bored) amongst the adults; and first dimension (active/excited versus agitated/bored) amongst the experts. More studies are needed to investigate other potential differences in assessing elephants’ emotional states by visitors of different ages and backgrounds.

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