Wood anatomy of Elaeagnaceae, with comments on vestured pits, helical thickenings, and systematic relationships

The wood anatomy of 31 species representing four genera of subtribe Myrciinae, Myrtaceae, Calyptranthes, Gomidesia, Marlierea and Myrcia is described. In general the wood of subtribe Myrciinae can be characterised by solitary vessels, simple perforations, alternate vestured pits, fibres with bordered and/or vestured pits (fibre-tracheids), parenchyma scanty paratracheal, diffuse and/or diffuse-in-aggregates forming complete or interrupted bands, and heterocellular rays with disjunctive cell walls. The four genera share all these features, but exhibit considerable variation in axial parenchyma patterns and crystal occurrence and distribution. No anatomical features serve to separate the genera, but some, e.g., helical thickenings and crystals, appear to be restricted to species in one genus or another.

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Wood anatomy of Tetraclinis articulata from its natural distribution area in southeast Spain

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-00000082 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 22-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Luis G. Esteban ◽

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Alberto García-Iruela ◽

Elena Román-Jordán ◽

Francisco G. Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Forest Stand ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Natural Distribution ◽

Tetraclinis Articulata ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Resin Canals ◽

First Time ◽

Representative Samples

For the first time, the wood anatomy of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters has been studied using representative samples from its natural distribution area in Spain, in Sierra de Cartagena (Region of Murcia). Mature wood was collected from five individuals representative of the forest stand and their anatomy was compared with other genera of the Cupressaceae. Axial tracheids without helical thickenings, low homogeneous rays, cupressoid pits and the absence of normal axial resin canals are characteristic features of this monotypic genus, as they are of most other Cupressaceae genera. An obvious warty layer separates this wood from the genera sharing its territory (Cupressus and Juniperus) and its semi-spherical, slightly anastomosed warts distinguish it from other, geographically distant genera (Actinostrobus and Callitris). The presence of traumatic axial resin canals is reported for the first time and supports the occurrence of this feature outside the Pinaceae. The wood anatomical diversity within the clade comprising Tetraclinis, Microbiota and Platycladus, as reconstructed by molecular analysis, is discussed.

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Wood Anatomy of Onagraceae: Further Species; Root Anatomy; Significance of Vestured Pits and Allied Structures in Dicotyledons

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden ◽

10.2307/2398995 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 755 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Root Anatomy ◽

Vestured Pits

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Wood Anatomy of Calyceraceae with Reference to Ecology, Habit, and Systematic Relationships

Aliso ◽

10.5642/aliso.19981701.06 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 63-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sherwin Carlquist ◽

Melanie DeVore

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Systematic Relationships

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Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11111147 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1147

Author(s):

Paloma de Palacios ◽

Luis G. Esteban ◽

Peter Gasson ◽

Francisco García-Fernández ◽

Antonio de Marco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Warning ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

International Treaties ◽

Protected Species ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Timber Trade ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings

Wood anatomy is a key discipline as a tool for monitoring the global timber trade, particularly for wood listed in protected species conventions such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). One of the main barriers to reducing illegal trafficking of protected species is ensuring that customs officials with appropriate training in wood anatomy are equipped with simple tools, at both the origin and destination of shipments, so they can raise an early warning about wood suspected of contravening international treaties and immediately send samples to a specialised laboratory. This work explains how lenses attached to a smartphone, capable of achieving up to 400× magnification using the phone digital zoom, can be used to distinguish features that are not visible with traditional 10× or 12× lenses, enhancing the capacity to view features not typically observable in the field. In softwoods, for example, this method permits determination of the type of axial parenchyma arrangement, whether there are helical thickenings in axial tracheids and whether axial tracheids have organic deposits or contain alternate polygonal pits, and in the rays, if the tracheids are smooth-walled or dentate and if the cross-field pits are window-like. In hardwoods, it allows verification of the presence of tyloses and deposits in vessels, the type of perforation plates and whether the intervascular pitting is scalariform; in the rays it is possible to differentiate the types of ray cells; and in the axial parenchyma, to determine the presence of oil cells. In addition, unlike macroscopic analysis with a conventional magnifying lens, this type of lens can be used with the appropriate mobile application for the biometry of important elements such as ray height and vessel diameter.

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ECOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE WOOD ANATOMY OF SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES. 1. GROWTH RINGS AND VESSELS

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000233 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 3-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Edenise Segala Alves ◽

Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Brazilian Species ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Brazilian Flora ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Helical Thickenings ◽

Special Arrangement

Some ecological trends based on wood were established in woody florulas of several regions in Brazil. Growth rings and qualitative vessel features were analysed in trees belonging to the 22 most representative families of the Brazilian flora, including 133 genera, 491 species and 686 specimens. Some ecological trends were statistically proven by Pearsonʼs Standardised Residues. The presence of growth rings was associated with seasonal environments. Vessels tended to show special arrangement patterns at higher latitudes and in environments affected by thermal seasonality. Vessels in multiples were more common in environments that were seasonal for temperature and humidity. Although not statistically significant, there is a trend for multiple perforation plates and helical thickenings to be most common in higher latitudes and colder environments. Overall, the results for Brazilian species are compatible with trends established by other authors for other floras and /or taxa.

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SYSTEMATIC WOOD ANATOMY OF HUBERIA, MICONIA AND TIBOUCHINA (MELASTOMATACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20150103 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 326-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcelo dos Santos Silva ◽

Francisco de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos ◽

Camilla Reis Augusto da Silva ◽

Noélia Costa dos Santos ◽

Lazaro Benedito da Silva

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Fibre Length ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Anatomical Characteristics ◽

Anatomical Classification ◽

The Family ◽

Vestured Pits

The wood anatomy of Huberia consimilis, Miconia amoena, M. mirabilis, M. rimalis and Tibouchina francavillana (Melastomataceae) is described and compared with other species from the same genera. All taxa share vestured pits, absent or inconspicuous growth rings, septate fibres, parenchyma-like tangential bands, and fibres shorter than 900 μm which is characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. Each species exhibited a set of wood anatomical characteristics that enabled its identification. Some traits were more relevant in distinguishing genera, such as composition of parenchyma-like tangential bands, vessel-ray pits, ray width, rays per millimetre and fibre length. Parenchyma-like tangential bands are described in great detail, and we propose a more specific nomenclature for their anatomical classification.

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A Comparison of the Ecological Wood Anatomy of the Floras of Southern California and Israel

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000961 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 349-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Pieter Baas ◽

Sherwin Carlquist

Keyword(s):

Drought Resistance ◽

Southern California ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Xylem Sap ◽

Floristic Composition ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Alternative Possibilities ◽

Ecological Wood Anatomy ◽

Helical Thickenings

A comparison is made between ecological trends in wood anatomy found in southern California and Israel and adjacent regions. Trends for type of vessel perforation, vessel member length and the occurrence of helical thickenings show striking parallels. Characters like vessel diameter and frequency and incidence of (fibre-)tracheids show only weakly similar trends. Vessel grouping and ring-porosity do not show any parallel in the data for southern California and Israel. The differences between the two floras can largely be attributed to different floristic composition and the alternative possibilities for safe and efficient xylem sap transport and drought resistance in different taxa.

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Comparative Wood Anatomy of Root and Stem in Styrax Camporum (Styracaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001454 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 13-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sílvia R. Machado ◽

Veronica Angyalossy-Alfonso ◽

Berta L. de Morretes

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Root Anatomy ◽

Stem Anatomy ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Cerrado Vegetation ◽

Eastern Brazil ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽

Vestured Pits

Styrax camporum Pohl is a shrub common in the cerrado vegetation of south-eastern Brazil. Root and stem wood in Styrax camporum differ quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative differences follow normal expectations: roots have wider and longer vessel elements, a lower vessel frequency, a lower ray frequency, and wider rays. Qualitative features of the roots are: simple perforation plates, vestured pits, and septate libriform fibres; qualitative features of the stems are: multiple perforation plates, non-vestured pits, and non-septate fibre-tracheids. Based on generally accepted evolutionary trends, root wood of Styrax camporum has more specialized features than stem wood. Additional comparative studies of stem and root anatomy are needed to determine if such differences between root and stem anatomy are widespread, and consistent with the lines of specialization observed in monocotyledons.

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Comparative wood anatomy of Atraphaxis taxa in Turkey

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.835-845 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 835-845

Author(s):

Funda Erşen Bak ◽

Derya Cesur

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Natural Distribution ◽

Vessel Wall Thickness ◽

Perforation Plate ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Comparative Wood Anatomy ◽

Vestured Pits ◽

Standard Techniques

The wood anatomy of four Atraphaxis taxa that have natural distribution in Turkey—Atraphaxis billardieri Jaub. & Spach, Atraphaxis billardieri subsp. tournefortii (Jaup. & Spach) Lovelius, Atraphaxis spinosa L., and endemic Atraphaxis grandiflora (Willd.)—were compared in this study. The wood samples were sectioned according to standard techniques. Samples were macerated with Schultze’s method. Tangential and radial vessel diameters, intervessel pit diameters, vessel wall thickness, vessel elements length, dimensions of libriform fibres (lengths, widths, cell wall thickness and, lumen diameter), and uniseriate and biseriate ray heights were measured, and the number of vessels per mm2, number of rays per mm, and number of vessels per group were counted. The qualitative features such as growth rings, vessel grouping, presence of helical thickening and storied structure, vestured pits, type of perforation plate, and arrangement of axial parenchyma were determined. These four species of Atraphaxis shrubs differ in some wood characteristics such as growth rings, vessel grouping, vestured pits, height and density of rays, number of vessels per mm2, and the dimensions of the vessel.

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