The Iron and Steel Industry in Colonial and Imperial Brazil

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Rogers

It is a well known fact that Brazil today is the greatest producer of iron and steel in all of Latin America. It is less well known that this industry is one of the oldest in the nation. Any effort to trace the development of this iron-working industry from its earliest sources should take into consideration the contributions of the Jesuits. As early as 1554, Father José Anchieta informed his Jesuit superiors and the king of Portugal of the existence of iron ore deposits in the interior of the captaincy of São Vicente (later São Paulo). Even more important in this respect was a forge established by the Jesuit Mateus Nogueira which in 1556 was instrumental in the manufacture of fishhooks, knives, wedges, shovels and other such implements used in the support of his community. These are claimed to be the first implements made from iron in Brazil.

2020 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 316-329
Author(s):  
Muwanguzi J. B. Abraham ◽  
Rukezo Gift ◽  
Sebukeera Hennery ◽  
Guloba Asuman ◽  
Ajidiru Rita ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 968 ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Guang Long Jin ◽  
Jin Zhu Zhang ◽  
Ben Jun Xu ◽  
Song Yang

The oolitic hematite will be a potential source of raw iron ore for the Chinese iron and steel industry. Up to now, the oolitic hematite have hardly been utilized effectively by any single traditional technology. The direct reduction may be a practical technology for the exploitation of oolitic hematite. The results show that the metallization rate of the HeZhang oolitic hematite increases with both the partial pressure of CO increase and the reduction time lasted, and the maximum value of the metallization rate is obtained at 35% carbon monoxide in the N2-CO atmosphere and 4h reduction time at 1050°C with 10% calcium oxide in the oolitic hematite. The diffusion may be the primary factor controlled the metallization rate in the later stage of reduction.


2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 2574-2577
Author(s):  
Zhi Hong Ma ◽  
Jin Zhu Zhang ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Jing Chen

The oolitic hematite will be a potential source of raw iron ore for the Chinese iron and steel industry. Up to now, the oolitic hematite have hardly been utilized effectively by any single traditional technology. The deep reduction assisted with microwave radiation may be a practical technology for the exploitation of oolitic hematite. The results show that the metallization rate can be obtained to 88.91%, and the iron recovery up to 90.70% for the oolitic hematite with an iron content 51.19%, when the deep reduction parameters are as follows, the reduction temperature is 1050°C, the residence time is 45min, and the ratio of reducing agent is 24%.


GeoTextos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Anhuf

A região do Ruhr é uma aglomeração metropolitana localizada no oeste da Alemanha com aproximadamente 5,3 milhões de habitantes e abrangendo uma área de 4.435 km². Esta área faz parte da região metropolitana Rhein-Ruhr que abriga mais de 10 milhões de habitantes e cobre uma área de cerca de 10.000 km². A região do Ruhr, uma das maiores regiões de industria pesada da Europa, teve seu crescimento com base nos recursos de carvão mineral. A economia da região do Ruhr foi por mais de 150 anos exclusivamente caracterizada pelos quatro setores da indústria pesada: carvão, aço, indústria química e energia. Quando o petróleo natural, o gás natural e o carvão importado com menor custo conquistaram o mercado alemão e o aço também podia ser produzido no exterior a preços mais baixos, o setor produtivo que florescia na região do rio Ruhr experimentou dificuldades. Este fato levou a região na metade dos anos 1970 a um aumento considerável na taxa de desemprego, chegando, entre os anos de 1980 a 2002, a quase meio milhão de desempregados no setor de produção, por outro lado, cerca de 300.000 empregos foram criados no setor de serviços. A mudança estrutural econômica e social na região do Ruhr se baseia em um crescimento considerável, principalmente na área de serviços como propaganda, pesquisa e desenvolvimento, logística de transporte, aconselhamento e design. Também os setores culturais e de lazer apresentam um crescimento relativamente positivo: O produto interno bruto (PIB) da região do Ruhr corresponde a cerca de 26% do PIB do estado Nordrheinwestfalen, perfazendo 6% do PIB da República Federal da Alemanha. Em comparaçao, a Grande São Paulo é responsável por 17% do PIB do Brasil. Abstract REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE RUHR DISTRICT – FROM THE FORMALLY CENTRE OF THE COAL AND STEAL INDUSTRY TO A CENTRE OF TERTIARY SERVICES Regional development within the Ruhr district – from the formally centre of the coal and steel industry to a centre of tertiary services. The Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr district) is an urban agglomeration in the western part of Germany with a population of approximately 5.3 Million, covering an area of 4.435 km². It’s part of the metropolitan area of Rhine-Ruhr with more than 10 Million inhabitants living in an area of about 10.000 km².The black coal resources, deposited during the carboniferous area form the natural backbone for the development of the largest region of coal, iron, and steel industry in Europe. The economy of the Ruhrgebiet was unidirectional dominated for more than 150 years by four heavy industry sectors, black coal, steel, chemical industry and energy production. But later, when petroleum and natural gas and cheaper imported black coal conquered the German market and, as well, steel could be produced at a reduced rate elsewhere in the world the booming producing industry quasi collapsed. Thus, the Region is characterized by an above average unemployment since the mid 70ies. More than 50% of the 1 Million jobs in the region were lost, while only 300.000 new jobs could be added within the service sector between 1980 and 2002. The economic and social structural change within the Ruhr district is primarily based on the expansion of services like advertisement, science, development, transport logistics, consulting, and design. But also the cultural and tourist branches are characterized by growing figures. The BIP, produced within the Ruhrgebiet, is about 26% of the BIP of North-Rhine-Westphalia or 6% of Germany’s BIP. In comparison, the metropolitan area of São Paulo produces 17% of the national BIP of Brazil.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document