Toxic Gases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references.  Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke

Toxic Gases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references.  Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke

Toxic Gases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references.  Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke

Toxic Gases

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, 43 references, and 5 MCQs. 

Conductimetric Gas Separation-Flow Injection Determination of Ammonia in Gaseous Process Streams

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Kubáň
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Separation Flow ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Capillary Membrane

Ammonia (up to 0.3 vol.%) can be determined (RSDs < 2%) after separation from a process gas stream containing (vol.%): carbon dioxide (0.3-20), hydrogen sulfide (< 0.4), hydrogen cyanide (< 1.5 . 10-4), sulfur dioxide (1), carbon monoxide (< 3) in 50-90 vol.% nitrogen and hydrocarbons. The ammonia content in sample is determined through changes in the conductivity of an acceptor stream (3 mM boric acid) caused by absorption of the analyte passed through a Nafion capillary membrane.

scholarly journals The Influence of Hydrogen on the Indications of the Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka ◽  
Tomasz Węsierski ◽  
Anna Dmochowska ◽  
Zdzisław Salamonowicz ◽  
Andrzej Polańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Cross Effect ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Co Sensor ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Made In

This article examines electrochemical carbon monoxide (CO) sensors used as mobile devices by rescue and firefighting units in Poland. The conducted research indicates that the presence of chlorine (Cl2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO2), and sulfur (IV) oxide (SO2) in the atmosphere does not affect the functioning of the electrochemical CO sensor. In the case of this sensor, there was a significant cross effect in relation to hydrogen (H2). It was found that the time and manner of using the sensor affects the behavior in relation to H2. Such a relationship was not recorded for CO. Measurements in a mixture of CO and H2 confirm the effect of hydrogen on the changes taking place inside the sensor. Independently of the ratio of H2 to CO, readings of CO were flawed. All analyses showed a significant difference between the electrochemical CO sensor readings and the expected values. Only in experiments with a 1:3 mixture of CO and H2 was the relative error less than 15%. The relative error in the analyzed concentration range for a sensor with an additional compensation electrode ranged from 7% to 38%; for a sensor without this electrode, it ranged from 23% to 55%. It was ascertained that in the cases of measurements for tests carried out at higher concentrations of H2 in relation to CO, a sensor with an additional electrode is significantly better (more accurate) than a sensor without such an electrode. Differences at the significance level p = 0.01 for measurements made in the CO:H2 mixture at a ratio of 1:3 were ascertained.

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