The Possible Function of sIgA on the Skin Surface in Vivo.

1995 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takako GOTO ◽  
Takahiro GYOTOKU ◽  
Shuhei IMAYAMA ◽  
Yoshiaki HORI
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface

In vivo determination of skin surface topography using an optical 3D device

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Jacobi ◽  
Mai Chen ◽  
Gottfried Frankowski ◽  
Ronald Sinkgraven ◽  
Martina Hund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Skin Surface

Quantitative Evaluation of Skin Surface Roughness Using Optical Coherence Tomography In Vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanzhar Askaruly ◽  
Yujin Ahn ◽  
Hyeongeun Kim ◽  
Andrey Vavilin ◽  
Sungbea Ban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Skin Surface Roughness

Acoustic Signals from Skeletal Muscle

Physiology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
DT Barry
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Pressure Waves ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
Intrinsic Component ◽  
Measuring Force ◽  
Muscle Sounds

Contracting skeletal muscles emit pressure waves that are audible at the skin surface and are easily recorded with standard microphones both in vivo and in vitro. These muscle sounds are an intrinsic component of the contractile mechanism and are produced by mechanical vibrations at the resonant frequency of the muscle. The sounds are useful in measuring force, fatigue, and mechanical properties of muscle.

In vitro characterisation of ultrasound-induced heating effects in the mother and fetus: A clinical perspective

Ultrasound ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1742271X2095319
Author(s):  
Stephanie F Smith ◽  
Piero Miloro ◽  
Richard Axell ◽  
Gail ter Haar ◽  
Christoph Lees
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bone Interface ◽  
Heating Effects ◽  
Power Setting ◽  
Lower Temperature

Introduction The quantification of heating effects during exposure to ultrasound is usually based on laboratory experiments in water and is assessed using extrapolated parameters such as the thermal index. In our study, we have measured the temperature increase directly in a simulator of the maternal–fetal environment, the ‘ISUOG Phantom’, using clinically relevant ultrasound scanners, transducers and exposure conditions. Methods The study was carried out using an instrumented phantom designed to represent the pregnant maternal abdomen and which enabled temperature recordings at positions in tissue mimics which represented the skin surface, sub-surface, amniotic fluid and fetal bone interface. We tested four different transducers on a commercial diagnostic scanner. The effects of scan duration, presence of a circulating fluid, pre-set and power were recorded. Results The highest temperature increase was always at the transducer–skin interface, where temperature increases between 1.4°C and 9.5°C were observed; lower temperature rises, between 0.1°C and 1.0°C, were observed deeper in tissue and at the bone interface. Doppler modes generated the highest temperature increases. Most of the heating occurred in the first 3 minutes of exposure, with the presence of a circulating fluid having a limited effect. The power setting affected the maximum temperature increase proportionally, with peak temperature increasing from 4.3°C to 6.7°C when power was increased from 63% to 100%. Conclusions Although this phantom provides a crude mimic of the in vivo conditions, the overall results showed good repeatability and agreement with previously published experiments. All studies showed that the temperature rises observed fell within the recommendations of international regulatory bodies. However, it is important that the operator should be aware of factors affecting the temperature increase.

scholarly journals Safety Assessment and Biological Effects of a New Cold Processed SilEmulsion for Dermatological Purpose

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Raposo ◽  
Ana Salgado ◽  
Lídia Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro C. Pinto ◽  
Manuela Urbano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Patch Tests ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Skin Surface Lipids

It is of crucial importance to evaluate the safety profile of the ingredients used in dermatological emulsions. A suitable equilibrium between safety and efficacy is a pivotal concern before the marketing of a dermatological product. The aim was to assess the safety and biological effects of a new cold processed silicone-based emulsion (SilEmulsion). The hazard, exposure, and dose-response assessment were used to characterize the risk for each ingredient. EpiSkin assay and human repeat insult patch tests were performed to compare the theoretical safety assessment toin vitroandin vivodata. The efficacy of the SilEmulsion was studied using biophysical measurements in human volunteers during 21 days. According to the safety assessment of the ingredients, 1,5-pentanediol was an ingredient of special concern since its margin of safety was below the threshold of 100 (36.53). EpiSkin assay showed that the tissue viability after the application of the SilEmulsion was 92 ± 6% and, thus considered nonirritant to the skin. The human studies confirmed that the SilEmulsion was not a skin irritant and did not induce any sensitization on the volunteers, being safe for human use. Moreover, biological effects demonstrated that the SilEmulsion increased both the skin hydration and skin surface lipids.

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Parra ◽  
M. Paye
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface ◽  
Surface Ph ◽  
Skin Surface Ph ◽  
In Vivo Assessment

scholarly journals Langerhans cell antigen capture through tight junctions confers preemptive immunity in experimental staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 208 (13) ◽  
pp. 2607-2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Ouchi ◽  
Akiharu Kubo ◽  
Mariko Yokouchi ◽  
Takeya Adachi ◽  
Tetsuro Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome ◽  
Minimal Invasiveness ◽  
Antigen Capture ◽  
Blistering Disease ◽  
Humoral Responses

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) extend dendrites through tight junctions (TJs) to survey the skin surface, but their immunological contribution in vivo remains elusive. We show that LCs were essential for inducing IgG1 responses to patch-immunized ovalbumin in mice that lacked skin dendritic cell subsets. The significance of LC-induced humoral responses was demonstrated in a mouse model of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), a severe blistering disease in which the desmosomal protein Dsg1 (desmoglein1) is cleaved by Staphylococcus aureus–derived exfoliative toxin (ET). Importantly, ET did not penetrate TJs, and patch immunization did not alter epidermal integrity. Nevertheless, neutralizing anti-ET IgG1 was induced after patch immunization and abolished upon LC depletion, indicating that antigen capture through TJs by LCs induced humoral immunity. Strikingly, the ET-patched mice were protected from developing SSSS after intraperitoneal ET challenge, whereas LC-depleted mice were susceptible to SSSS, demonstrating a vital role for LC-induced IgG1 in systemic defense against circulating toxin in vivo. Therefore, LCs elicit humoral immunity to antigens that have not yet violated the epidermal barrier, providing preemptive immunity against potentially pathogenic skin microbes. Targeting this immunological process confers protection with minimal invasiveness and should have a marked impact on future strategies for development of percutaneous vaccines.

Potential for metabolism locally in the skin of dermally absorbed compounds

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
FM Williams
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Diffusion Systems ◽  
Butoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Local Metabolism ◽  
Short Term Culture

Dermally absorbed chemicals can be locally metabolized in the skin during absorption but it is difficult to distinguish this metabolism from liver metabolism by biological monitoring in vivo. Studies with sub-cellular fractions have showed the presence of metabolizing enzymes in the skin but with loss of cellular localization. Studies in HaCat cells in culture maintain cellular localization and in skin, in short-term culture, the chemical can be applied to the skin surface and metabolism during absorption can be monitored. Flow though diffusion systems with tissue culture medium as receptor fluid have maintained the viability of skin and supported metabolism, but dilution of the metabolites in the receptor fluid has limited detection. This article uses data derived by a range of techniques from the Newcastle laboratory to discuss the importance of local metabolism in the skin of butoxyethanol to butoxyacetic acid and parabens to p-hydroxybenzoic acid during dermal absorption, following application to the skin surface.

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