Storing and Retrieving Information in the framework of the Phonemic Spectrum Theory

This research is entitled (storing and retrieving information in the framework of the phonemic spectrum theory), and its analysis focuses on the perception mechanism and the production and representation of speech sounds within the internal components of the mind. It means producing sounds, storing them and then retrieving them from mental memories. The level of phonology, but these sounds within their wavelengths are converted into white light compounds and connections, in terms of the surface feature, but in terms of their verbal features they are hidden and retain features that distinguish them from others. This research is divided into two main sections: The first section is devoted to the introduction of the theory of the night and the history of the uprising, and the definition of each of the sounds, speech, and language according to this theory. The second section deals with how to store and retrieving sounds. also in the second section the phonemic features are discussed, as a basis for the separation of the sounds. in concludes with representing most important results and laying out the references.

Relative salience of chord-type and chord-voicing changes: A two-oddball paradigm

Our research project investigated the effect of background and stimuli factors on the relative salience of chord-type and chord-voicing changes. Earlier studies have shown that surface features tend to be easier to perceive than deeper features and that musical training attenuates this general tendency. For further studying how deeper-level and surface-level musical features are perceived, we used a two-oddball paradigm. Each item consisted of a succession of five same-root chords: one chord-type oddball (deeper feature), one voicing oddball (surface feature), and three standards. Participants chose the chord that sounded most different to them. All chord-type pairings formed of major, minor, dominant seventh, major seventh, and minor seventh chords were tested. Chord-type oddball and voicing oddball were chosen equally often, together forming the majority of the responses. Musical training and conceptual knowledge of chords affected the chord-type oddball responses, but not the voicing-oddball responses. However, chord-type oddballs were chosen regardless of the musical training. Chord-type responses were easiest for pairs consisting of a major-based and a minor-based chord and for pairs involving two pitch-class changes. Our results suggest that musical training and conceptual knowledge about chords is not the only factor influencing the relative salience of chord-type changes over voicing changes.

Asymmetric Influence of Vocalic Context on Mandarin Sibilants: Evidence From ERP Studies

In the present study, we examine the interactive effect of vowels on Mandarin fricative sibilants using a passive oddball paradigm to determine whether the HEIGHT features of vowels can spread on the surface and influence preceding consonants with unspecified features. The stimuli are two pairs of Mandarin words ([sa] ∼ [ʂa] and [su] ∼ [ʂu]) contrasting in vowel HEIGHT ([LOW] vs. [HIGH]). Each word in the same pair was presented both as standard and deviant, resulting in four conditions (/standard/[deviant]: /sa/[ʂa] ∼ /ʂa/[sa] and /su/[ʂu] ∼ /ʂu/[su]). In line with the Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) model, asymmetric patterns of processing were found in the [su] ∼ [ʂu] word pair where both the MMN (mismatch negativity) and LDN (late discriminative negativity) components were more negative in /su/[ʂu] (mismatch) than in /ʂu/[su] (no mismatch), suggesting the spreading of the feature [HIGH] from the vowel [u] to [ʂ] on the surface. In the [sa] ∼ [ʂa] pair, however, symmetric negativities (for both MMN and LDN) were observed as there is no conflict between the surface feature [LOW] from [a] to [ʂ] and the underlying specified feature [LOW] of [s]. These results confirm that not all features are fully specified in the mental lexicon: features of vowels can spread on the surface and influence surrounding unspecified segments.

Application of Gradient-based Edge Detection on Defined Surface Feature Boundary

In surface topography, the detection of edges or surface feature boundary should be made prior to the characterization process to ensure precise measurement of the surface feature. However, problem arises when the existing edge detection from the image processing area is being directly adopted on the surface without firstly defining the exact location of edges. Thus, an approach has been carried out with the aim of developing the definition of edges to identify its exact location. The process of developing the definition of edges is conducted based on theoretical understanding and demonstration on the simulated surface topography data with the help of MATLAB software. Gradient-based edge detection operators are applied to see their performance on the defined surface feature boundary. Overall findings of this study showed that there are slight discrepancies of the edge position signified by the gradient-based operators to manually-defined edges. Despite of such outcome, it is then recommended to use either the Sobel operator or the Prewitt operator as a tool to signify the edge before proceeding with characterization process in future study due to their stability and clarity in producing the surface gradient function.