scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND PATHOGENICITY OF INFECTIVE JUVENILES ORIGINATING VIA ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA IN AXENIC STEINERNEMATID NEMATODES

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Yuliantoro Baliadi
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Chicken Liver ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Medium Supplement ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Extract Medium ◽  
Uterine Development

Development and insecticidal activity of axenic infective juveniles (IJs) originating from endotokia matricida in maternal bodies of Steinernema glaseri and S. carpocapsae were investigated with a comparison to IJs developed in monoxenic culture. In comparison with the monoxenic steinernematids, the axenic ones grew slower and produced fewer IJs when they were cultured in a sterile chicken liver extract medium supplement with an autoclaved nematode infected Galleria mellonella larva. The phenomena of endotokia matricida, an intra-uterine development of hatched juvenile, occurred in an axenic culture as did the monoxenic ones. Although it occurred faster in monoxenic culture, the ratio of females bearing endotokia matricida was more numerous in axenic ones. These axenic females also produced IJs through the endotokia matricida phenomenon. Compared to the normal IJs develop in monoxenic culture, the IJs originated via endotokia matricida of axenic nematodes showed lower insecticidal activity and it could not reproduce in G. mellonella cadaver.

Genetic adaptation and founder effect in laboratory populations of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. Stuart ◽  
Randy Gaugler
Keyword(s):  
Founder Effect ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Founder Effects ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Laboratory Adaptation ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri

Laboratory culture can have detrimental effects on populations through adverse environmental conditions such as poor nutrition or disease, or through genetic effects such as inbreeding depression, founder effect, genetic drift, or laboratory adaptation. We tested for laboratory effects on the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) by forming a genetically diverse base population from a series of field isolates and rearing several independent lines through 12 cycles of laboratory culture, using larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), or the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, as hosts. Laboratory bioassays based on G. mellonella indicated that lines maintained with large breeding populations did not deteriorate but often showed significant increases in infectivity (15.3–48.0%), proportion of males (12.2–36.1%), and reproductive potential (39.0–160.4%). Lines reared on P. japonica larvae responded similarly to lines reared on G. mellonella but showed higher levels of reproductive potential. Two of three lines subjected to initial genetic bottlenecks to test for founder effects differed from other lines by showing very high infectivity but little change in sex ratio or reproductive potential. These results demonstrate that laboratory adaptation can produce dramatic changes in important biological attributes of these nematodes, but that a lack of genetic variation associated with founder effects can impede this process. Laboratory adaptation should be considered a potent factor when designing, interpreting, and comparing studies of this important group of biological control organisms.

scholarly journals Effects of Inorganic Fertilizers on Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema glaseri and Peanut Germination under Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Ibrahim E. Shehata ◽  
Mostafa M. A. Hammam ◽  
Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizers ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The use of entomopathogenic nematodes as safe biopesticidal alternatives to hazardous chemicals entails improving the prediction of their native efficacy against soil pests. The effect of ten inorganic fertilizers, used extensively in Egypt, on the virulence of indigenous Steinernema glaseri and peanut germination was examined herein. The nematode added either before or tank-mixed with 1%, 5%, and 10% concentrations of each fertilizer in a peanut field was sampled 1 and 7 days before and 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 49, and 56 post-tank mixes to check for S. glaseri virulence via baiting soil with Galleria mellonella larvae. Phosphorus fertilizers had more adverse effects than others on S. glaseri virulence and peanut germination. Plots with only S. glaseri had high germination close to chlorpyrifos. Averages of insect mortality in soil samples of potassium, nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium (NPK), nitrogenous, and phosphorus fertilizers, and non-fertilized checks (nematode only) were 85.8, 83.8, 80, 69.2%, and 93.3% respectively. Using S. glaseri is preferred before fertilizing. Most 1% fertilizer concentrations are compatible with S. glaseri in tank mixes for short-term (1–7 days) insect control but may affect long-term control.

scholarly journals Comparison of Liver Extract Medium With Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle Medium and the Molecular Method for the Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
Ahmet Ozbilgin ◽  
◽  
Ozlem Tunger ◽  
Isil Inanir ◽  
Ibrahim Cavus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Extract ◽  
Molecular Method ◽  
Extract Medium

scholarly journals Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis and its Insecticidal Effect against Galleria mellonella

2020 ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Jyoti Limbu ◽  
Bijay Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Jenish Shakya ◽  
Sabin Bahadur Khatri ◽  
Hemanta Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Geographical Locations ◽  
Wax Moth

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) synthesize a large diversity of crystal proteins (Cry and Cyt) during sporulation which exhibit insecticidal activity against insects and protozoa. The main aim of this study was to isolate Bacillus thuringiensis and study its insecticidal effect against Galleria mellonella. Soil samples from four different geographical locations of Koshi Zone viz. Itahari, Tarhara, Dharan and Vedetar of Eastern Nepal were collected. The isolation of Bt was done by acetate selection method. The insect bioassay of Bt isolates were performed against greater wax moth (G. mellonella) by feeding the third instar larvae by extracted crystal spores with three different concentrations. The overall distribution of Bt from the study sample was found to be 30% (30/100). Bt was isolated from all four geographical location with higher incidence; 9 (36%) in Tarhara region followed by Dharan (32%), Itahari (28%) and Vedetar (24%). However, the incidence of Bt with potent insecticidal activity against G. mellonella was reported to be 4% (4/100). The insecticidal activity of isolated Bt between test and control groups was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). LC50 value of Bt from Tarhara (Tar1) was 388.29μg/mL, Dharan; Drn8 and Drn1 was 416.20μg/mL and 463.15μg/mL respectively and from Vedetar (Vd5) was 476.63μg/mL. In overall study the Bt isolated from Tarhara (Tar1) region exhibited greater incidence, Bt index, efficacy and effective level of LC50 against greater wax moth. Native Bt strains isolated from soil of Eastern Nepal possess effective insecticidal activity and hence can used as biocontrol agent in controlling honeycomb pest like G. mellonella.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics and Pathogenicity Analysis of Two Bacterial Symbionts of Entomopathogenic Nematodes: The Role of The GroEL Protein in Virulence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Rivera-Ramírez ◽  
Rosalba Salgado-Morales ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez-Pérez ◽  
Rebeca Pérez-Martínez ◽  
Blanca Inés García-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Core Genome ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Close Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Biological Tests

Abstract Bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes. Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, they show differences in their pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms in target insects. These differences can be explored by the analysis of the pangenome, as it provides a framework for characterizing and defining the gene repertoire. Here, we report the genome of strain SC 0516. In addition, we performed the first pangenome analysis of 91 strains of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, obtaining a total of 23,603 gene clusters and a core genome of 348 genes. Phylogenetic analysis performed with the core genome showed that our strain belonged to the X. nematophila group. Biological tests showed that whole cells of X. nematophila SC 0516 were more virulent than those of P. luminescens HIM3 when both were injected into Galleria mellonella larvae. In addition, we cloned and expressed the GroEL proteins of both bacteria, as this protein has been previously indicated to show insecticidal activity in the genus Xenorhabdus. Cpn60-Xn was found to be the most toxic at all concentrations tested, with an LC50 value of 102.34 ng/larva. Sequence analysis suggested that the Cpn60-Xn toxin was homologous to Cpn60-Pl; however, Cpn60-Xn contained thirty-five differentially substituted amino acid residues that could be responsible for its insecticidal activity.

Effect of temperature and inoculum size on reproduction and development of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Rhabditoidea) in Galleria mellonella

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1261-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zervos ◽  
S. C. Johnson ◽  
J. M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri

Larvae of Galleria mellonella were kept at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, and exposed to six levels of inocula (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 infective juveniles/larva) of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Steinernema glaseri. Temperature and inoculum level significantly affected time to first emergence, duration of emergence, and yield of juveniles. All parameters except emergence of H. heliothidis showed significant interactions between temperature and inoculum level. No juveniles emerged at 5 or 10 °C and development time was most rapid at 25 °C. No juvenile H. heliothidis emerged at 30 °C or with 500 infective juveniles/host, but duration of emergence was shortest at high temperatures with large inocula; yield per host and yield per inoculum were greatest at 20 °C with small inocula. Yields of S. glaseri were half those of H. heliothidis; duration of emergence was shortest at low temperatures; yield per host was greatest at 20 and 25 °C from large inocula; and yield per inoculum level was greatest when the numbers inoculated were small (5–50/host).

scholarly journals Developmental changes of chicken liver AMP deaminase

1985 ◽  
Vol 231 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Spychała ◽  
K Kaletha ◽  
W Makarewicz
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Liver Extract ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Chicken Liver ◽  
Amp Deaminase ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Enzyme Form ◽  
Substrate Saturation ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The AMP deaminase activity measured in crude chicken liver extract did not change significantly during development. The livers of 10- and 14-day chick embryos, 1-day, 5-, 10- and 16-week-old chickens and adult hens were examined for the existence of multiple forms of AMP deaminase. Phosphocellulose column chromatography revealed the existence of two peaks of enzyme activity in the liver of 10- and 16-week-old chickens and adult hens. Kinetic studies with the preparations of AMP deaminase revealed sigmoid-shaped substrate-saturation curves at all developmental stages and hyperbolic-shaped saturation curves for the enzyme form appearing in 10-week-old chickens. All AMP deaminases investigated were susceptible to activation by ATP and inhibition by Pi. Kinetic and regulatory properties as well as pH optima of all the enzyme preparations tested indicate that AMP deaminase isolated from the embryos and from 1-day-old chicks was similar to the form I isolated from adult hens and differed significantly from the form II of this enzyme.

Cellular reactions of the white grub larvae, Polyphylla adspersa, against entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Alvandi ◽  
Javad Karimi ◽  
Gary B. Dunphy
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Encapsulation Rate

The haemocyte reactions of the white grub larvae Polyphylla adspersa to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), together with the host haemocyte types, have been studied. Six types of identified haemocytes included the prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. The granulocytes were the dominant (65.2%) haemocyte type followed by the plasmatocytes (22.1%). Both haemocyte types encapsulate EPN. White grub larvae and last larval stage of Galleria mellonella were individually infected with monoxenic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora or Steinernema glaseri. The maximum total haemocyte counts (THC) level of the white grub larvae against the nematode S. glaseri occurred at 12 h post-injection. In addition, by 8 h post-injection, the granulocyte and plasmatocyte levels decreased. The cell reactions of the grubs against H. bacteriophora in terms of THC and differential haemocyte counts and the encapsulation rate started earlier and were more pronounced than those against S. glaseri. The maximum percentage of the encapsulation observed in the white grub larvae against S. glaseri (27.3 ± 0.7%) and H. bacteriophora (36.5 ± 3.5%) occurred at 12 and 8 h post-injection, respectively. EPN-triggered encapsulation in P. adspersa larvae was more extensive than in G. mellonella larvae.

scholarly journals EirA Is a Novel Protein Essential for Intracellular Replication of Coxiella burnetii

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miku Kuba ◽  
Nitika Neha ◽  
Patrice Newton ◽  
Yi Wei Lee ◽  
Vicki Bennett-Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Intracellular Replication ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novel Protein

ABSTRACT The zoonotic bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, a febrile illness which can cause a serious chronic infection. C. burnetii is a unique intracellular bacterium which replicates within host lysosome-derived vacuoles. The ability of C. burnetii to replicate within this normally hostile compartment is dependent on the activity of the Dot/Icm type 4B secretion system. In a previous study, a transposon mutagenesis screen suggested that the disruption of the gene encoding the novel protein CBU2072 rendered C. burnetii incapable of intracellular replication. This protein, subsequently named EirA (essential for intracellular replication A), is indispensable for intracellular replication and virulence, as demonstrated by infection of human cell lines and in vivo infection of Galleria mellonella. The putative N-terminal signal peptide is essential for protein function but is not required for localization of EirA to the bacterial inner membrane compartment and axenic culture supernatant. In the absence of EirA, C. burnetii remains viable but nonreplicative within the host phagolysosome, as coinfection with C. burnetii expressing native EirA rescues the replicative defect in the mutant strain. In addition, while the bacterial ultrastructure appears to be intact, there is an altered metabolic profile shift in the absence of EirA, suggesting that EirA may impact overall metabolism. Most strikingly, in the absence of EirA, Dot/Icm effector translocation was inhibited even when EirA-deficient C. burnetii replicated in the wild type (WT)-supported Coxiella containing vacuoles. EirA may therefore have a novel role in the control of Dot/Icm activity and represent an important new therapeutic target.

scholarly journals Gut Bacteria Are Not Required for the Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis toward the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (15) ◽  
pp. 5094-5099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul R. Johnston ◽  
Neil Crickmore
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Vanessa Cardui

ABSTRACT It was recently proposed that gut bacteria are required for the insecticidal activity of the Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticide, DiPel, toward the lepidopterans Manduca sexta, Pieris rapae, Vanessa cardui, and Lymantria dispar. Using a similar methodology, it was found that gut bacteria were not required for the toxicity of DiPel or Cry1Ac or for the synergism of an otherwise sublethal concentration of Cry1Ac toward M. sexta. The toxicities of DiPel and of B. thuringiensis HD73 Cry− spore/Cry1Ac synergism were attenuated by continuously exposing larvae to antibiotics before bioassays. Attenuation could be eliminated by exposing larvae to antibiotics only during the first instar without altering larval sterility. Prior antibiotic exposure did not attenuate Cry1Ac toxicity. The presence of enterococci in larval guts slowed mortality resulting from DiPel exposure and halved Cry1Ac toxicity but had little effect on B. thuringiensis HD73 Cry− spore/Cry1Ac synergism. B. thuringiensis Cry− cells killed larvae after intrahemocoelic inoculation of M. sexta, Galleria mellonella, and Spodoptera litura and grew rapidly in plasma from M. sexta, S. litura, and Tenebrio molitor. These findings suggest that gut bacteria are not required for B. thuringiensis insecticidal activity toward M. sexta but that B. thuringiensis lethality is reduced in larvae that are continuously exposed to antibiotics before bioassay.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document