Comparative assessment of the effect of the degree of grinding of vegetables (carrots) on the yield of juices and puree

Some vegetables and fruits are indispensable for the production of a wide range of food, juice and confectionery products, because of their chemical composition and biochemical properties. One of the factors hindering their widespread use in the food industry is the insufficient study of their functional and probiotic properties in the mentioned technological areas. The mechanical properties (approximated dependence, standard deviation, and limit stresses) of the carrot varieties Nantes-5 NABA and Chantenay-2461 intended for juice production have been studied. The enzymatic hydrolysis parameters have been determined based on the parameters of the optimal effect of enzyme preparations. As a result of experimental studies, by determining the extreme loads of squeezing and crushing carrots, the power consumption for grinding carrots was determined. The structure of the carrot pulp was revealed. The highest juice out yield put was observed in the Nantes-5 NABA variety. To increase the juice yield from the pulp, maceration was applied and parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis were determined. Complex two-stage mechanical grinding allowed the production of juice with high organoleptic properties. Antioxidant activity was determined before and after the maceration of carrots. The mode and parameters of the juice production technology were corrected during the research. Ready-made pulpy juice samples were tasted and evaluated. The safety of carrot puree during storage has been verified by analytical research data.

The Effect of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles on the Activity of Amylases of the Enzyme Preparation of Microbial Origin

На основании анализа литературных данных показано, что изучение влияния наночастиц, в том числе оксида алюминия, на активность целевых ферментов микробных ферментных препаратов, применяемых в пивоваренном производстве, целесообразно. Приведены данные о влиянии наночастиц Al2O3 на процесс гидролиза крахмала в модельных средах под действием амилаз ферментного препарата «АПСубтилин П». Показано, что присутствие наночастиц в реакционной среде приводит к снижению амилолитической активности и, как следствие, снижению концентрации редуцирующих веществ в гидролизате на 12-15% (при содержании наночастиц 0,1 мг/см3) и на 34% (при содержании наночастиц 1,0 мг/см3) по сравнению с контролем. Установлено, что увеличение продолжительности ферментативного гидролиза с 60 до 120 мин приводит к ослаблению ингибирующего воздействия наночастиц Al2O3 на амилолитическую активность ферментного препарата. При этом присутствие наноразмерных объектов указанного типа не оказало негативного воздействия на результаты лабораторного затирания, проводимого по настойному способу с тремя паузами: основные показатели первого сусла опытных вариантов не уступали аналогичным характеристикам контрольного образца. На основании приведенных данных сделано заключение о нежелательности присутствия наночастиц Al2O3 в реакционных средах амилаз микробного происхождения в концентрациях, превышающих 0,1 мг/см3. The expediency of studying the effect of nanoparticles, in particular, aluminum oxide, on the activity of target enzymes of enzyme preparations used in brewing is substantiated based on the analysis of the literature data. Data on the effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the process of starch hydrolysis in model media under the action of amylases of the enzyme preparation «APSubtilin P» are presented. It has been shown that the presence of nanoparticles in the reaction medium leads to a decrease in amylolytic activity and, as a consequence, a decrease in the concentration of reducing substances in the hydrolyzate by 12-15% (at nanoparticle content of 0.1 mg/cm3) and by 34% (at nanoparticle content of 1, 0 mg/cm3) compared to the control. It was found that the increase in the duration of enzymatic hydrolysis from 60 to 120 min leads to a weakening of the inhibitory effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the amylolytic activity of the enzyme preparation. At the same time, the presence of nanoscale objects of this type did not have a negative impact on the results of laboratory mashing, carried out according to the infusion method with three pauses: the main indicators of the first wort of the experimental variants were not inferior to those of the control sample. Based on the data presented, it was concluded that the presence of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the reaction media of amylases of microbial origin in concentrations exceeding 0.1 mg/cm3 is undesirable.

Preparation of maltotetraose starch molasses using Maltotetraohydrolase Optimalt 4G

Одним из направлений решения актуальной задачи по расширению ассортимента сахаристых крахмалопродуктов является разработка способов получения мальтоолигосахаридов с различным углеводным составом, имеющих большой потенциал для использования в качестве пищевых добавок и ингредиентов продуктов здорового питания. Целью работы было изучение возможности получения нового вида крахмальной патоки с высоким содержанием мальтотетраозы с применением препарата мальтотетраогидролазы Optimalt 4G. Объектами являлись кукурузный крахмал, препараты альфа-амилазы Liquazyme Supra 2.8X и пуллуланазы Promozyme D6 (Novozymes), мальтотетраогидролазы Optimalt 4G (Du Pont), а также продукты гидролиза крахмала. Использованы методы определения массовой доли редуцирующих веществ (РВ), сухого вещества (СВ), углеводного состава, динамической вязкости гидролизатов и другие стандартные методы анализа. При осахаривании частично гидролизованной суспензии крахмала с концентрацией СВ 33 % и содержании РВ 7,9 % мальтотетраогидролаза наиболее активно действует в первые 3 ч осахаривания с резким снижением вязкости гидролизата с 197,6 до 20,0 мПа·с. При этом исчезали практически все олигосахариды с DР5-DР10, массовая доля ВМС снизилась на 60 %, увеличилось количество низкомолекулярных сахаров, а массовая доля мальтотетраозы составила 44,81 % против 2,38 % в исходном субстрате. Максимальное содержание мальтотетраозы 49,8 % в данных условиях наблюдалось в гидролизате после 8 ч инкубации, далее оно медленно снижалась. Установлена возможность получения крахмальной патоки с высоким содержанием мальтотетраозы до 45-48 % с использованием в качестве катализаторов гидролиза крахмала вышеуказанных ферментных препаратов. Использование композиции мальтотетраогидролазы с пуллуланазой увеличивает содержание мальтотетраозы на 1,5-2 %, снижает вязкость гидролизатов и позволяет сократить продолжительность гидролиза. Полученные данные являются актуальной основой для оптимизации технологических параметров процесса осахаривания с применением мальтотетраогидролазы с целью разработки технологии получения нового вида крахмальной патоки. One of the directions of solving the current problem of expanding the range of sugar starch products is the development of methods for producing maltooligosaccharides with a different carbohydrate composition, which have great potential for use as food additives and ingredients of healthy foods. The aim of the work was to study the possibility of obtaining a new type of starch syrup with a high content of maltotetraose using the preparation Maltotetraohydrolase Optimalt 4G. The objects were: corn starch, alpha-amylase preparations Liquazyme Supra 2.8X and pullulanase Promozyme D6 (Novozymes), maltotetraohydrolase Optimalt 4G (Du Pont), as well as starch hydrolysis products. Methods were used to determine the weight fraction of reducing substances (RS), dry solid (DS), carbohydrate composition, dynamic viscosity of hydrolysates and other standard methods of analysis. When a partially hydrolyzed suspension of starch with a concentration of DS 33 % and RS 7.9 % is saccharified, maltotetraohydrolase is most active in the first 3 hours of saccharification with a sharp decrease in the viscosity of the hydrolysate from 197.6 to 20.0 mPa·s. At the same time, almost all oligosaccharides with DP5-DP10 disappeared, the weight fraction of WMS decreased by 60 %, the number of low-molecular sugars of DP1-3 increased, and the weight fraction of maltotetraose was 44.81 % versus 2.38 % in the original substrate. The maximum maltotetraose content of 49.8 % under these conditions was observed in the hydrolysate after 8 hours of incubation, then it slowly decreased. It has been found that in order to obtain hydrolysates with a low DP1-3 content and increased (more than 45 %) maltotetraose, the degree of preliminary hydrolysis must be maintained within the range of RS 8-15 % by DS at an enzyme dosage of 0.06-0.08 units WMC/g DS starch and duration of saccharification up to 20 h. Use of maltotetraohydrolase composition with pullulanase during saccharification increases degree of hydrolysis and content of maltotetraose by 1.5-2 %, reduces viscosity of hydrolysates and reduces duration of hydrolysis. It is possible to produce starch syrup with high content of maltotetraose (up to 45-48 %) using the above enzyme preparations. The obtained data are the current basis for optimization of technological parameters of saccharification process with application of maltotetraohydrolase in order to develop technology of production of new kind of starch syrup.

Shwachman–Diamond Syndrome

This article describes a clinical case of a rare Schwachman–Diamond syndrome. It covers the features of the clinical picture of the disease and the laboratory examinations. A multidisciplinary approach for the purpose of early diagnosis, timely initiation of complex treatment, including nutritional therapy, prescription of enzyme preparations and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, makes it possible to improve the quality of life and prognosis in such patients.

Effects of Dietary Bacillus and Non-starch Polysaccharase on the Intestinal Microbiota and the Associated Changes on the Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Serum Antioxidant Profiles in Ducks

Given the desirable results of using probiotics and enzyme preparations as feed supplements in poultry health, here, the effects of Bacillus and Non-starch Polysaccharase (NSPase) on the growth performance, serum antioxidant profiles, and gut microbial communities of early stage ducks is investigated. A total of 400 Zhijiang ducks (of similar body weight and 1 day age) was selected and randomly divided into four groups. The feeding period was 28 days. Each group contained 10 replicates of 10 birds. Control group (I) was fed with basal diet, while treatment groups II to IV were fed, respectively, with 150 mg/kg NSPases, 25 mg/kg Bacillus probiotics, and 150 mg/kg NSPases + 25 mg/kg Bacillus probiotics in their basal diet. The results demonstrated that dietary Bacillus (25 mg/kg) increased average final weight, average daily gain (ADG), and decreased the malonaldehyde (MDA) in birds (P < 0.05). Dietary Bacillus (25 mg/kg) and NSPases + Bacillus (150 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg) presented much higher glutathione (GSH) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in birds (P < 0.05). Additionally, as revealed by β-diversity indices and analysis of similarities, dietary NSPases + Bacillus could affect the ileum microbial abundances and diversities at the genera level (P < 0.05), but it had no effect on the caecal microbiota. Also, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that dietary Bacillus and NSPases + Bacillus increased the populations of Ruminococcaceae genera in the cecum (P < 0.05), and S24-7_group and Lactobacillus genera in the ileum (P < 0.05). However, dietary NSPases and Bacillus alone and in combination could significantly decrease the content of Bacteroides in the ileum (P < 0.05). According to Spearman correlation analysis, 7 ilea bacterial microbiomes (S24-7 group, Lactobacillus, Subgroup 2, Subgroup 1, Kitasatospora, Candidatus Solibacter, and Akkermansia) were positively correlated with SOD (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Bacillus (25 mg/kg) and NSPases (150 mg/kg) included in the diet could efficiently enhance the growth performance by altered gut microbiota composition at the genera level and antioxidant indices of ducks.

Screening of lactases suitable for the preparation of low-lactose prebiotic liquid milk and optimisation of their combination

Lactose intolerance is an important factor restricting the consumption of dairy products. Lactase is used to hydrolyze lactose in milk while generating galactooligosaccharides (GOS), thereby reducing the incidence of lactose intolerance. We used cow milk as raw materials, and selected enzyme preparations with high lactose hydrolysis rate and strong GOS generation ability from 14 commercially available lactase enzymes. The lactose hydrolysis rate is 5.85%-81.38%, and the GOS content is 0.03 g/L- 13.10 g/L. The mixing experiment design determined the two lactase enzymes (E10 and E11) ratio and the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis process of low-lactose prebiotic milk: compound lactases (E10:E11=0.756:0.244) addition 0.11%, 55℃for 5h, lactose hydrolysis rate and GOS content were 98.02% and 19.69g/L, respectively, and the remaining lactose content was about 0.97 g/L.

Metabolic disorders in poultry (review)

The rapid growth of demand for poultry products requires its sufficient production by specialized farms of various forms of ownership. However, such production needs are not always adequate to the selection approach, the incubation component, the basic requirements of veterinary and sanitary and zoohygienic support, breed and age characteristics of keeping and raising poultry. Therefore, one of the crucial components of obtaining biologically complete, high-quality and fast-paying products of the poultry industry, including all stages of its production, is human support of the main links of ontogenesis (development after birth) of the bird. The issue of not only the creation of the genetic potential of the parent bird of different species and areas of productivity, but also the provision of veterinary and sanitary conditions for their maintenance, breeding and breeding remains relevant. However, the current economic conditions have forced the heads of enterprises and veterinary departments to some extent bypass the planned laboratory tests of feed, water and blood, which, although not complete, but informative enough to trace the main periods of growth and development of the bird. Slight deterioration of the mode and quality of feeding, changes in the parameters of the microclimate are reflected in changes in blood parameters. And what about the spoilage of feed, water, violation of veterinary and sanitary maintenance of poultry: the lack of preventive treatments with vitamin-mineral, hepatoprotective and enzyme preparations, pre- and probiotics. Which can lead to metabolic disorders in poultry. Which can occur due to disorders of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamin, macro- and micromineral metabolism. As a result, there are significantly popular diseases such as: uric acid diathesis, cannibalism, osteoporosis and osteomalacia, perosis, rickets, obesity, E-hypovitaminosis. Further reducing productivity, which leads to large economic losses on farms.

Improving the Thermo-Activity and -Stability of Pectate Lyase from Dickeya dadantii DCE-01 for Ramie Degumming

To improve the thermal stability of pectate lyase for ramie degumming, we modified the novel pectate lyase gene (pelG403) derived from the Dickeya dadantii DCE-01 high-efficiency ramie degumming strain by site-directed mutagenesis. Twelve mutants were acquired, wherein a prospective mutant (A129V) showed better enzyme activity and thermal stability. Compared with the wild type (PelG403), the specific enzyme activity and the optimal reaction temperature of A129V in the fermentation broth increased by 20.1%, and 5 °C, respectively. Under the conditions of 55 °C and pH 9.0, the weightlessness rate of ramie raw materials of A129V increased by 6.26%. Therefore, this study successfully improved the enzyme activity and heat resistance of PelG403 in an alkaline environment, which may contribute to the development of enzyme preparations and the elucidation of the mechanism for ramie bio-degumming.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation of NHEJ Mutant Aspergillus nidulans Conidia: An Efficient Tool for Targeted Gene Recombination Using Selectable Nutritional Markers

Protoplast transformation for the introduction of recombinant DNA into Aspergillus nidulans is technically demanding and dependant on the availability and batch variability of commercial enzyme preparations. Given the success of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) in diverse pathogenic fungi, we have adapted this method to facilitate transformation of A. nidulans. Using suitably engineered binary vectors, gene-targeted ATMT of A. nidulans non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) mutant conidia has been carried out for the first time by complementation of a nutritional requirement (uridine/uracil auxotrophy). Site-specific integration in the ΔnkuA host genome occurred at high efficiency. Unlike other transformation techniques, however, cross-feeding of certain nutritional requirements from the bacterium to the fungus was found to occur, thus limiting the choice of auxotrophies available for ATMT. In complementation tests and also for comparative purposes, integration of recombinant cassettes at a specific locus could provide a means to reduce the influence of position effects (chromatin structure) on transgene expression. In this regard, targeted disruption of the wA locus permitted visual identification of transformants carrying site-specific integration events by conidial colour (white), even when auxotrophy selection was compromised due to cross-feeding. The protocol described offers an attractive alternative to the protoplast procedure for obtaining locus-targeted A. nidulans transformants.