Divination and Human Nature

Author(s):  
Peter T. Struck

This book casts a new perspective on the rich tradition of ancient divination—the reading of divine signs in oracles, omens, and dreams. Popular attitudes during classical antiquity saw these readings as signs from the gods while modern scholars have treated such beliefs as primitive superstitions. The book reveals instead that such phenomena provoked an entirely different accounting from the ancient philosophers. These philosophers produced subtle studies into what was an odd but observable fact—that humans could sometimes have uncanny insights—and their work signifies an early chapter in the cognitive history of intuition. Examining the writings of Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and the Neoplatonists, the book demonstrates that they all observed how, setting aside the charlatans and swindlers, some people had premonitions defying the typical bounds of rationality. Given the wide differences among these ancient thinkers, the book notes that they converged on seeing this surplus insight as an artifact of human nature, projections produced under specific conditions by our physiology. For the philosophers, such unexplained insights invited a speculative search for an alternative and more naturalistic system of cognition. Recovering a lost piece of an ancient tradition, this book illustrates how philosophers of the classical era interpreted the phenomena of divination as a practice closer to intuition and instinct than magic.

2015 ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Robert A. Sucharski

A Few Observations on the Distinctive Features of the Greek CultureThe article is devoted to one of the most interesting features of the Greek culture in antiquity, namely for an almost total insensitivity of the Hellenes to sounds and colours of any other language. It is no coincidence that the once-non-pejorative word βάρβαρος over time acquired its current meaning of ‘barbaric/barbarian’, shared by probably all modern languages which take inspiration from classical antiquity. The Greeks, however, were not racist in the contemporary meaning of the word: regardless of origin, (s)he who takes the Hellenic culture, and above all language, for his/her own, becomes Greek. We may find an excellent illustration of this in the life and fortunes of Lucian of Samosata. The spreading of Greek culture to the entire Mediterranean and further east – as a consequence of the conquests of Alexander the Great – brought with it the appearance of a new type of books written in Greek and for Greeks. These works presented the rich, and often ancient, heritage of the cultures and peoples subjugated by Hellenic expansion. And although their authors were ‘barbarians’, it was essential that the books themselves be written in Greek. This was so not only because the Hellenes would not understand them otherwise, but probably also due to the fact that it was only the Hellenes who could be considered bearers of the ideal, of kalòs kẚgathós, the notion – fundamental to Greek competitive culture – combining moral goodness, righteousness of the spirit and beauty and vigour of the body (often backed by material wealth). However, despite its exclusivity, Greek culture was capable of both attracting others and adapting to them: as is best proven by the history of European culture.Kilka luźnych uwag co do specyfiki greckiej kulturyArtykuł jest poświęcony jednej z najbardziej charakterystycznych cech starożytnej kultury greckiej – brakowi umiejętności Hellenów do zauważenia piękna i kolorytu języków innych niż grecki. Nie jest przypadkiem, że βάρβαρος 'barbarzyńca/barbarzyński' – słowo pierwotnie pozbawione negatywnych konotacji – z biegiem czasu nabrało takiego znaczenia, które jest obecne zapewne we wszystkich nowożytnych językach, czerpiących z antyku klasycznego. Nie wynika to jednak z rasizmu – Grecy akceptują i uznają za swoich innych, o ile przejmą oni grecką kulturę i oczywiście język; klasycznym przykładem jest Lukian z Samosat. Rozszerzenie się kultury greckiej na cały obszar basenu Morza Śródziemnego i dalej na wschód – konsekwencja podbojów Aleksandra Wielkiego – przynosi pojawienie się książek pisanych po grecku i przeznaczonych dla Greków. Pokazują one dorobek kultur i ludów podporządkowanych przez Greków. Choć pisane przez 'barbarzyńców' książki te muszą być po grecku – Helleni nie zrozumieją inaczej. Zapewne wynika to z faktu, że tylko Helleni mogą być uznani za nośnik ideału – pojęcia kalokagathii, fundamentalnego dla greckiej kultury współzawodnictwa, połączenia moralnego dobra, szlachetności ducha, cielesnego piękna i tężyzny (nierzadko wspartego majątkiem). Kultura grecka – mimo swej ekskluzywności – potrafiła jednak przyciągać innych i do innych się przystosowywać: dzieje kultury europejskiej są tego najlepszym dowodem.


transversal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Hess

Abstract S. H. Mosenthal’s blockbuster drama Deborah, popularized in the English-speaking world as Leah, The Forsaken, delivered generations of nineteenth-century theatergoers fantasies about Jewish women. This paper explores the rich performance history of this work, offering a new perspective on the role of popular culture in launching distinctly liberal forms of philosemitism.


2020 ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Iris Berent

It appears that the Ancient Greeks were right in their fear of blindness, caves, and shadows. We are indeed blind, or at the very least, seriously nearsighted. And all these errors in our understanding of human nature emerge from a single source—human nature itself. Although we cannot entirely shed off our biological shackles, recognizing these constraints matters. First, blindness interferes with reasoning about topics that are at the heart of our social and political life, and it derails scholarly discussion of some of the key questions in the history of ideas. Blindness is also in the air. In an era of “fake news,” the systematic spreading of misinformation, and the denial of science, there is no better place to start clearing the public sphere than from within. The third, and most important reason to face our blindness is that we, as the storytellers, care about our stories—they define who we are, personally and collectively, and blindness is our way. While we are bound to think in the shadows of core knowledge, we are not necessarily doomed to utter darkness. Core knowledge is only one component in the rich suite of mechanisms that comprise human cognition; other rational capacities exist, and they allow us to look within, recognize the conspiracy, and begin to counteract it. Our path out of the cave begins with careful self-inspection. Perhaps this book could be a guide.


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