Influence of social entrepreneurs on community development in Enugu west senatorial district of Enugu state, Nigeria

Social entrepreneurship is not a new-fangled observable fact in Nigeria. Though the practice has constantly existed, for countless reasons, the concept is gaining reputation in current years. Although the focus has been on business entrepreneurship as a tool for economic development, the light is now on social entrepreneurship, which entails attempting to serious social issues for sustainable community development. Community development efforts have met with diverse challenges that hamper sustainability of the society. The appearance of social entrepreneurship as a cross move towards positive force for transforming communities put forwards the prospects of dealing with the key challenges of lack of support by government, deficiency of financial assistant, changing environment, out of pocket work, domination by wealthy founders and philanthropists, lack of skilled manpower, poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, climate changes, health care challenges, insecurity and other social and economic issues. This paper throws light on who social entrepreneurs are what they do and the role they play in achieving sustainable community development. Using a conceptual framework defined social entrepreneurs, characteristics, principles and role of social entrepreneurs towards community development process. The paper concludes with suggestive principles that could provide an enhanced insight on the role of social entrepreneurs in community development. To enhance their impact, social entrepreneurs should involve beneficiaries trapped within socio-economic problems in the process of community development.

Arbitration and Offshore Resources in Disputed Maritime Areas

This chapter studies the role of arbitration for offshore resources in disputed maritime areas. It is an observable fact that disputes over maritime boundaries are mostly caused by competing desires of states to exploit offshore natural resources, in particular oil and gas deposits. Indeed, it is well known that the law on maritime boundaries was developed precisely in order to allocate rights over offshore natural resources. However, it has also long been observed that the law on maritime boundary delimitation, as developed by international tribunals, ostensibly pays only scant regard to this underlying basis of the disputes at issue. Rather, the law purports to base itself on other principles. In particular, the unilateral activities of the parties are consistently rejected as being ‘relevant circumstances’ relevant to a boundary delimitation. However, if one looks at what tribunals do, instead of what they say they do, it seems that in fact the unilateral activities of the parties concerning the exploitation of offshore hydrocarbons play a rather larger role. Whenever tribunals have some discretion, they invariably choose a delimitation line that gives oil and gas deposits to those parties that have taken the initiative to drill them unilaterally, provided that this drilling has taken place at least within a plausible boundary of the state that issued the concession. Moreover, tribunals are extremely reluctant to draw boundaries over drilled deposits, thus avoiding making them shared as a result of the delimitation exercise.

Determining the Optimal Inventory and Number of Shipments for a Two-Resource Supply Chain with Correlated Demands and Remanufacturing Products Allowing Backorder

This study develops an integrated supplier–remanufacturer and customer (downstream manufacturer) inventory model that takes into account three-echelon system with correlated demands and remanufacturing products allowing a backorder goods condition. This paper improves the observable fact that the first model system customer might select two sources from remanufactured products or supplier products without defective items. The second model further considers the defective items during the screening duration. The results are examined analytically and numerically to show that the policy of single shipment in large lot sizes results in less total cost than a frequent shipments policy. We also explore the impact of recovery rate on the economic benefits of the inventory system. In addition, we also perform sensitivity analysis to study the impact of seven important parameters (transportation cost, recovery rate, screening rate, annual demand, defect rate, and backorder rate, holding cost,) on the optimal solution. Management insights were also discussed.

Finding and Transcending the Individual

The focus on rationalism in Habad leads us to consider another aspect of the nature of hasidism: what, if anything, is the role of the individual? The crucial relationship of the hasid with the tsadik immediately presents the contemporary mind with the question of personal freedom and individuality. An early twentieth-century Yiddish song, ‘And when the Rebbe sings, all the hasidim sing’, describes the hasidim as imitating their rebbe. In another stereotype, based on contemporary observable fact, the hasid would not take a job, move to a new home, or decide to get married without first asking the rebbe. These images obviously run counter to a central theme of modernity: the autonomy and independence of the individual. To what extent do hasidic followers see themselves as individuals? How might this question relate to the history of hasidism, and to its context in Western culture?

Legitimacy on Inter-Faith Marriages: An Analysis of the Role of Religious Councils on the Legal Policy in Indonesia

The legal vacuum for of inter-faith marriage is one of the unresolved issues in Indonesia, especially with regard to civil rights. Indonesia’s Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 has not accommodated the legal policy of marriage between different religions. Moreover, there are some different views between religious leaders on the permissibility of the inter-faith marriage. This study attempts to analyse the relations between Indonesia’s Religious Councils and the legal policies on inter-faith marriages. Data was collected through observation and semi-structured interviews with the representatives of Indonesia’s religious councils from six religions. It finds that Indonesia’s Religious Councils have no role by any means in the formation of legal policies related to inter-faith marriage in Indonesia since the Marriage Law had been created before the Religious Councils established. Regarding the legitimacy of inter-faith marriage, the religious leaders offered conflicting statements. Several religious leaders still decided to stay with the prohibition of interfaith marriage based on the popular religious traditions and the constitutional realm. Albeit religious leaders favour or disfavour inter-faith marriage, the practice is still widely flourished and rapidly increased. This observable fact should be an important reason for the Constitutional Court either to grant or deny the practices of inter-faith marriage in Indonesia. Terkait hak-hak sipil, terdapat kekosongan landasan hukum dalam kasus perkawinan beda agama di Indonesia. Undang-Undang Perkawinan Indonesia No. 1 Tahun 1974 tidak mengakomodasi kebijakan hukum perkawinan beda agama. Selain itu, ada perbedaan pandangan antara para pemimpin agama tentang diizinkannya pasangan dari agama yang berbeda, misalnya dalam hal peninjauan materi Pasal 2 ayat (1) UU Perkawinan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara Dewan Agama Indonesia dan kebijakan hukum tentang pernikahan antar agama. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah observasi dan wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan perwakilan dari Dewan Agama Indonesia dari lima agama yang diakui di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Dewan Agama Indonesia tidak memiliki peran apa pun dalam penentuan kebijakan hukum pernikahan beda agama. Hal ini karena UU Perkawinan telah dibuat sebelum adanya Dewan Agama. Dalam topik legitimasi pernikahan lintas agama, para pemimpin agama menyatakan pernyataan yang bertentangan. Sejumlah pemimpin agama masih memutuskan melarang pernikahan antar agama berdasarkan tradisi keagamaan populer dan ranah konstitusional sedangkan bebera lainnya memberikan sebaliknya. Meskipun belum ada kesepakatan para pemimpin agama tentang pernikahan antaragama, praktik ini masih terjadi bahkan meningkat pesat. Fakta ini harus menjadi alasan penting bagi Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk memberikan atau menolak praktik pernikahan antaragama di Indonesia.

The syntax and semantics of negative questions and answers in Korean and English

Differences in Korean and English negative polarity questions (NPQs) are revealed by the interpretation of simple yes-no answers to them. Yes-no answers to NPQs have seemingly unpredictable interpretations (Claus et al. 2017, Holmberg 2013, Kim 2017, Krifka 2017, Kramer & Rawlins 2009, Ladd 1981, Sudo 2013). However, one clearly observable fact is that yes-no answers to English and Korean NPQs can have opposite interpretations. This study: (i) compares the interpretation of positive and negative polarity questions (PPQs and NPQs) in English and Korean; (ii) examines the structure of negation in each language and its interaction with NPQs; and (iii) reports on an online experiment which gathered native speaker interpretations of NPQs in each language under context-free conditions.

Threat perception of the rural-urban migration as a linkage to the rise of crime: Bangladesh perspective

At present the rise of urban crime falls within the gripping focus of criminal justice and criminology. Researchers endeavor to figure out urban schemes of crime which linked with rural-urban migration. Although, rural-urban migration mostly concerns the subject of sociology, this article viewed from jurisprudential perspectives under the sociological school to study social doctrines in relation with the migration as social phenomena and to criticize as to their relation to social condition and social progress. This observable fact of rural-urban migration could also be apprehended as a supply of the intensifying and distressing crisis in urban areas which is rising violent behavior and criminal activities. This article uncovers the cause and effect of increasing crime under interrelation between migration and the security précised by the law and order environment. The author finds the needs and changes of the society due to the migration of a huge mass of people from rural to urban areas in Bangladesh. Finally, the paper recommends the balance of conflicting interests from social, political and ethical stance to facilitating the policies and laws concerned.IIUC Studies Vol.13 December 2016: 69-82

Divination and Human Nature

This book casts a new perspective on the rich tradition of ancient divination—the reading of divine signs in oracles, omens, and dreams. Popular attitudes during classical antiquity saw these readings as signs from the gods while modern scholars have treated such beliefs as primitive superstitions. The book reveals instead that such phenomena provoked an entirely different accounting from the ancient philosophers. These philosophers produced subtle studies into what was an odd but observable fact—that humans could sometimes have uncanny insights—and their work signifies an early chapter in the cognitive history of intuition. Examining the writings of Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and the Neoplatonists, the book demonstrates that they all observed how, setting aside the charlatans and swindlers, some people had premonitions defying the typical bounds of rationality. Given the wide differences among these ancient thinkers, the book notes that they converged on seeing this surplus insight as an artifact of human nature, projections produced under specific conditions by our physiology. For the philosophers, such unexplained insights invited a speculative search for an alternative and more naturalistic system of cognition. Recovering a lost piece of an ancient tradition, this book illustrates how philosophers of the classical era interpreted the phenomena of divination as a practice closer to intuition and instinct than magic.

Learning correction grammars

We investigate a new paradigm in the context of learning in the limit, namely, learningcorrection grammarsfor classes ofcomputably enumerable (c.e.)languages. Knowing a language may feature a representation of it in terms oftwogrammars. The second grammar is used to make corrections to the first grammar. Such a pair of grammars can be seen as a single description of (or grammar for) the language. We call such grammarscorrection grammars. Correction grammars capture the observable fact that peopledocorrect their linguistic utterances during their usual linguistic activities.We show that learning correction grammars for classes of c.e. languages in theTxtEx-mode(i.e., converging to a single correct correction grammar in the limit) is sometimes more powerful than learning ordinary grammars even in theTxtBc-model (where the learner is allowed to converge to infinitely many syntactically distinct but correct conjectures in the limit). For eachn≥ 0. there is a similar learning advantage, again in learning correction grammars for classes of c.e. languages, but where we compare learning correction grammars that maken+ 1 corrections to those that makencorrections.The concept of a correction grammar can be extended into the constructive transfinite, using the idea of counting-down from notations for transfinite constructive ordinals. This transfinite extension can also be conceptualized as being about learning Ershov-descriptions for c.e. languages. Forua notation in Kleene's general system (O, <o) of ordinal notations for constructive ordinals, we introduce the concept of anu-correction grammar, whereuis used to bound the number of corrections that the grammar is allowed to make. We prove a general hierarchy result: ifuandvare notations for constructive ordinals such thatu<ov. then there are classes of c.e. languages that can beTxtEx-learned by conjecturingv-correction grammars but not by conjecturingu-correction grammars.Surprisingly, we show that—above “ω-many” corrections—it is not possible to strengthen the hierarchy:TxtEx-learningu-correction grammars of classes of c.e. languages, whereuis a notation inOforanyordinal, can be simulated byTxtBc-learningw-correction grammars, wherewis any notation for the smallest infinite ordinalω.

The Cathars and Christian Perfection

The Church’s Founder enjoined the life of perfection on all his followers, but the Cathars were unique in describing themselves as perfect or as ‘good men’. In all other forms of Christianity it is an observable fact that the more devout church members are, the more they are conscious of their imperfections and lack of goodness. This suggests that Cathar spirituality was very different from that of the mainline Christian churches, and it is this which I want to investigate here.