scholarly journals A Few Observations on the Distinctive Features of the Greek Culture

2015 ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Robert A. Sucharski

A Few Observations on the Distinctive Features of the Greek CultureThe article is devoted to one of the most interesting features of the Greek culture in antiquity, namely for an almost total insensitivity of the Hellenes to sounds and colours of any other language. It is no coincidence that the once-non-pejorative word βάρβαρος over time acquired its current meaning of ‘barbaric/barbarian’, shared by probably all modern languages which take inspiration from classical antiquity. The Greeks, however, were not racist in the contemporary meaning of the word: regardless of origin, (s)he who takes the Hellenic culture, and above all language, for his/her own, becomes Greek. We may find an excellent illustration of this in the life and fortunes of Lucian of Samosata. The spreading of Greek culture to the entire Mediterranean and further east – as a consequence of the conquests of Alexander the Great – brought with it the appearance of a new type of books written in Greek and for Greeks. These works presented the rich, and often ancient, heritage of the cultures and peoples subjugated by Hellenic expansion. And although their authors were ‘barbarians’, it was essential that the books themselves be written in Greek. This was so not only because the Hellenes would not understand them otherwise, but probably also due to the fact that it was only the Hellenes who could be considered bearers of the ideal, of kalòs kẚgathós, the notion – fundamental to Greek competitive culture – combining moral goodness, righteousness of the spirit and beauty and vigour of the body (often backed by material wealth). However, despite its exclusivity, Greek culture was capable of both attracting others and adapting to them: as is best proven by the history of European culture.Kilka luźnych uwag co do specyfiki greckiej kulturyArtykuł jest poświęcony jednej z najbardziej charakterystycznych cech starożytnej kultury greckiej – brakowi umiejętności Hellenów do zauważenia piękna i kolorytu języków innych niż grecki. Nie jest przypadkiem, że βάρβαρος 'barbarzyńca/barbarzyński' – słowo pierwotnie pozbawione negatywnych konotacji – z biegiem czasu nabrało takiego znaczenia, które jest obecne zapewne we wszystkich nowożytnych językach, czerpiących z antyku klasycznego. Nie wynika to jednak z rasizmu – Grecy akceptują i uznają za swoich innych, o ile przejmą oni grecką kulturę i oczywiście język; klasycznym przykładem jest Lukian z Samosat. Rozszerzenie się kultury greckiej na cały obszar basenu Morza Śródziemnego i dalej na wschód – konsekwencja podbojów Aleksandra Wielkiego – przynosi pojawienie się książek pisanych po grecku i przeznaczonych dla Greków. Pokazują one dorobek kultur i ludów podporządkowanych przez Greków. Choć pisane przez 'barbarzyńców' książki te muszą być po grecku – Helleni nie zrozumieją inaczej. Zapewne wynika to z faktu, że tylko Helleni mogą być uznani za nośnik ideału – pojęcia kalokagathii, fundamentalnego dla greckiej kultury współzawodnictwa, połączenia moralnego dobra, szlachetności ducha, cielesnego piękna i tężyzny (nierzadko wspartego majątkiem). Kultura grecka – mimo swej ekskluzywności – potrafiła jednak przyciągać innych i do innych się przystosowywać: dzieje kultury europejskiej są tego najlepszym dowodem.

Author(s):  
Peter T. Struck

This book casts a new perspective on the rich tradition of ancient divination—the reading of divine signs in oracles, omens, and dreams. Popular attitudes during classical antiquity saw these readings as signs from the gods while modern scholars have treated such beliefs as primitive superstitions. The book reveals instead that such phenomena provoked an entirely different accounting from the ancient philosophers. These philosophers produced subtle studies into what was an odd but observable fact—that humans could sometimes have uncanny insights—and their work signifies an early chapter in the cognitive history of intuition. Examining the writings of Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and the Neoplatonists, the book demonstrates that they all observed how, setting aside the charlatans and swindlers, some people had premonitions defying the typical bounds of rationality. Given the wide differences among these ancient thinkers, the book notes that they converged on seeing this surplus insight as an artifact of human nature, projections produced under specific conditions by our physiology. For the philosophers, such unexplained insights invited a speculative search for an alternative and more naturalistic system of cognition. Recovering a lost piece of an ancient tradition, this book illustrates how philosophers of the classical era interpreted the phenomena of divination as a practice closer to intuition and instinct than magic.


2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-374
Author(s):  
David Kennerley

AbstractMusic has been steadily rising up the historical agenda, a product of the emergence of sound studies, the history of the senses, and a mood of interdisciplinary curiosity. This introductory article offers a critical review of how the relationship between music and politics has featured in extant historical writing, from classic works of political history to the most recent scholarship. It begins by evaluating different approaches that historians have taken to music, summarizes the important shifts in method that have recently taken place, and advocates for a performance-centered, contextualized framework that is attentive to the distinctive features of music as a medium. The second half examines avenues for future research into the historical connections between music and politics, focusing on four thematic areas—the body, emotions, space, and memory—and closes with some overarching reflections on music's use as a tool of power, as well as a challenge to it. Although for reasons of cohesion, this short article focuses primarily on scholarship on Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, its discussion of theory and methods is intended to be applicable to the study of music and political culture across a broad range of periods and geographies.


2018 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Laura Kounine

This Introduction sets out the intentions of this book: to use the rich witch-trial records from the early modern duchy of Württemberg in south-western Germany to explore the central themes of emotions, gender, and selfhood. It provides an overview of the key historiographical debates on witchcraft persecutions in the early modern period, and suggests new questions that need to be asked. It also provides a methodological and theoretical framework in which to address these questions, and provides an overview of the current state of the field of the history of emotions, and, by drawing on psychological approaches to listening to self-narratives, it suggests ways in which historical studies of emotions can be pushed further by incorporating the body and subjective states. It also sets out the legal, political, and religious framework of the Lutheran duchy of Württemberg, in order to put the witch-hunts in this region into context.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-285
Author(s):  
Flera Ya. Khabibullina ◽  
Iraida G. Ivanova

Introduction. The article considers anthroponymous toponyms of Tatar origin in the Republic of Mari El in reference to the genesis and history of movement and contact of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. The purpose of the article is to study the Tatar-Mari toponymic zoning based on the otantroponym oikonyms, which go back to the Tatar language. Materials and Methods. The analysis of toponymic material is associated with the use of various approaches: comparative-historical, comparative, as well as such research methods: the method of component analysis of toponymic units; areal, descriptive, structural, etymological, statistical, cartographic. The body of the research is represented by otanthroponymic oikonyms, selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in the Russian, Mari and Tatar languages, in the number of 129 units. Results and Discussion. The Tatar-Mari interactions on the territory of the Republic of Mari-El are concentrated in two main zones: the Tatar-mountain-Mari toponymic zone and the Tatar-meadow-Mari zone. The article defines the basic principles of the nomination of anthroponymous toponyms, provides a classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination in each of the topozones, and also highlights parallel names. The analysis also makes it possible to trace the patterns of placement of toponymic objects on the territory of the the Republic of Mari-El. Analysis of the identified borrowings from the Tatar language makes it possible to clarify their territorial localization in the territory of Mari El. Oikonyms formed on the basis of Tatar personal names are most common in areas of compact residence of Tatars, as well as in border areas with the Republic of Tatarstan, due to trade and economic, historical and political, administrative, territorial, and geographical factors. The main principle underlying the Mari otantroponym oikonyms was their nomination based on the relationship with a person: their social status; class affiliation; profession; social interactions; place and role in the family hierarchy; human character; appearance; clothing; qualities of a person; their financial status; etc. Conclusion. The names of Mari anthroponymous topoobjects of Tatar origin were implemented in importing Tatar values that are significant for the Mari ethnic group and go back to Tatar names: material wealth, high social status, respect for parents and elders, health and strength of body, friendship, kindness, firmness and strength of character, cleanliness and neatness in clothing.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. T. Balmer ◽  
Mario Burghausen

We argue for a more expansive conceptualization of the past’s relevance in, and for, marketing. Such a differentiated approach to the past is pregnant with possibilities in terms of advancing scholarship apropos temporal agency in marketing along with consumption practices. Symptomatic of this perspective is the increased mindfulness of the rich palate of past-related concepts. Significantly, the corporate heritage notion – because of its omnitemporal nature – represents a distinct and meaningful vector on the past by coalescing the past, present and future into a new type of temporality. As such, the authors reason this expansive conceptualization of ‘the past-in-marketing’ is both timely and efficacious. While sensitive of the importance of the historical method in marketing and the history of marketing scholarship and practice per se, this broader marketing approach to and of the past highlights the ideational and material manifestations of the past-in-the-present and an envisaged past-in-the-future.


1975 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Robert H. Hewson

Few peoples of the Middle East have produced as many historical works as the Armenians: their historiography dates back at least to the fifth century A.D. While most medieval Armenian historians have concerned themselves with contemporary history and the immediate past, there have been some who have attempted to trace Armenian history from the earliest times. It is to two of these, Pseudo-Sebeos and Pseudo-Moses of Khoren, that we owe the survival of the body of historical memories now generally referred to as the Primary History of Armenia.This Primary History has come to us in two redactions, a long and a short. The shorter version is attributed to the earliest known Armenian historian, Agathangelos (fourth century A.D.?) and is presented in the opening section of a seventh-century work ascribed-probably wrongly-to a certain bishop named Sebeos. The longer version, much expanded and edited, is contained in Book One of the compilation of Armenian antiquities known as the History of Armenia by Pseudo-Moses of Khoren. While the date of this work has been much disputed, it appears now to be a product of the late eighth or early ninth century.According to Pseudo-Sebeos the short redaction of the Primary History was a work originally written by Agathangelos, secretary to Tiridates HI (298–330), the first Christian king of Armenia, and was based on information contained in a book written by a certain Marab the Philosopher from Mtsurn, a town in western Armenia. Pseudo-Moses, on the other hand, claims that the parallel material in his history (I. 9–32 and II. 1–9) is an extract by Marabas Katiba from a Greek translation of a Chaldean history of Armenia made by order of Alexander the Great.


2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Jeanrond

AbstractA contemporary systematic theological reflection upon love requires a cross-disciplinary attention to the plurality of approaches to love within the Hebrew Scriptures and the New Testament. This article explores the retrieval and development of Jewish love traditions within three New Testament traditions, namely the Synoptic Gospels, the Johannine texts, and Paul. These approaches agree on the divine origin and gift-character of love, but differ in their assessment of both the horizon of love and the significance of love for the Christian community. John stresses the community's need to be united in love against a hostile environment; Paul recommends the praxis of love as means of dealing with difference, otherness and conflict within the community; and Luke considers the universal scope of neighbourly love. Thus, acknowledging God as the author of love and reflecting upon God's nature as love does not necessarily lead to the same theological convictions or praxis of love in church and world. Moreover, the rich and ambiguous history of biblical love includes a shifting emphasis on human desire, the erotic, and the body. A critical theology of love would need to pay close attention to both the possibilities and ambiguities of the plurality of approaches to love in the Bible.


Muzikologija ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Melita Milin

Vlastimir Trajkovic (b. 1947) is a prominent Serbian composer with a strong inclination towards subjects from ancient Greek mythology. Among his most important achievements may be counted Arion - le nuove musiche per chitarra ed archi (1979) and Zephyrus returns for flute, viola and piano (2003). Two important aspects of those works are discussed in the present article: 1. the line that connects them to ancient Greek culture via French Modernism (Debussy, Ravel, Messiaen) and Renaissance poetry and music (Petrarch, Caccini, Monteverdi); 2. modality, which has proved its vitality through long periods of the history of European music, beginning with ancient Greek modes, reaching its high point in the 16th century, and re-emerging at the beginning of the 20th century in different hybrid forms. Trajkovic is seen as a composer who has shaped his creative identity by exploring the rich musical heritage of the Latin European nations, especially the contributions of Debussy and Ravel.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
صالح مجيد العزاوي جمال سكران حمزة

ل The study of the history and development of sports is of great importance because sport is considered the first pillar of culture. Gymnastics is one of the important sports; the gymnasiums on which athletes compete today in the Olympics, World Championships, and continentals there are (6) devices from the first Olympic Games to the last 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil. There have been many changes in the gymnasiums, some of them were radical. The importance of research lies in studying Men's Artistic Gymnastics apparatuses and their development. The researcher traced the history of each apparatuses then the developments of each apparatus. The results of the research showed that the jumping vault is the oldest of the gymnastic apparatus used by the Romans before 400BC for horse riding training and military purposes. The soldiers of Alexander the Great used a large wooden horse for military training and building strength of the body. During the first Olympic Games, gymnastics participated in eight events without floor exercises that was introduced during the thirties of the twentieth century. Finally the researcher concluded that no new apparatus was added in Gymnastic.


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3 And 4) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Mohsen Aghapoor ◽  
◽  
Babak Alijani Alijani ◽  
Mahsa Pakseresht-Mogharab ◽  
◽  
...  

Background and Importance: Spondylodiscitis is an inflammatory disease of the body of one or more vertebrae and intervertebral disc. The fungal etiology of this disease is rare, particularly in patients without immunodeficiency. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of this disease can lead to complications and even death. Case Presentation: A 63-year-old diabetic female patient, who had a history of spinal surgery and complaining radicular lumbar pain in both lower limbs with a probable diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, underwent partial L2 and complete L3 and L4 corpectomy and fusion. As a result of pathology from tissue biopsy specimen, Aspergillus fungi were observed. There was no evidence of immunodeficiency in the patient. The patient was treated with Itraconazole 100 mg twice a day for two months. Pain, neurological symptom, and laboratory tests improved. Conclusion: The debridement surgery coupled with antifungal drugs can lead to the best therapeutic results.


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