Certain peculiarities of parenchymal-stromal correlations in the thyroid gland with nodular forms of goiter with its rucurrent and non-recurrent course

In spite of a considerable efficacy of conservative treatment of goiter, surgery remains the main method of treatment of such patients. Though, on the one hand, total thyroidectomy inevitably results in the development of postsurgical hypothyroidism, on the other hand – in case organ-saving surgery is performed the risk of postsurgical relapse arises. Modern morphological methods are directed to detection of oncological risk of nodular formations, and recommendations concerning an adequate volume of surgery taking into account probability of relapse are practically lacking. Therefore, the objective of the study was finding criteria of a relapsing risk by means of investigation of morphological peculiarities of the parenchymal-stromal correlations in the thyroid gland with recurrent nodular and primary nodular (multinodular) goiter without signs of functional disorders. In the course of the research according to the examined correlation parameters of the parenchyma and stroma various forms of nodular goiter were found to differ from the thyroid tissue without pathological changes by a number of parameters. In particular, specific weight of the parenchyma on an average increases reliably in the tissue of nodular goiter with its various variants in comparison with the thyroid gland without pathological changes. Together with the increase of the parenchymal specific weight in nodular goiter the amount of colloid on an average decreases, and a specific dependence on the kind of goiter is observed – colloid volume decreases from goiter with slow growth to goiter with quick growth, and it is the smallest with goiter relapse. Quantitative analysis of the goiter tissue stromal component demonstrates a considerable increase of its specific volume in comparison with normal thyroid tissue. Evaluation of changes of the morphometric parameters in the thyroid follicles found that in case of nodular goiter with slow growth the percentage of follicles with colloid is close to 100%. On an average it does not differ from that of the normal thyroid tissue. At the same time, in case of nodular goiter with quick growth the percentage of follicles with colloid decreases sharply, and in case of relapse it appears to be still less than that in nodular goiter with quick growth. Besides, with nodular goiter the diameter of follicles on an average increases in comparison with the normal thyroid tissue. In a number of cases it can be estimated as macrofollicular goiter. At the same time, the diameter of follicles is smaller in nodular goiter with quick growth. It is still less in case of goiter relapse. The size of follicles becomes sharply diverse in case of nodular goiter with slow growth, but it decreases in case of nodular goiter with quick growth and relapse. Consequently, recurrent nodular goiter is mostly similar to that of primary nodular goiter with a quick growth, though certain differences between them exist. The peculiarities found enable to suggest that nodular goiter with a quick growth possesses more chances for relapse.

Download Full-text

Regrowth of Thyroid Gland: Is This Possible????

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1944 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A951-A952

Author(s):

Pawarid Techathaveewat ◽

Manal Alhakim ◽

Ricardo Rafael Correa ◽

Karyne Lima Vinales

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Multinodular Goiter ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Curative Treatment ◽

Prior History ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Benign Goiter ◽

The Right

Abstract Introduction: Adult Thyroid gland which derived from primitive pharynx and neural crest is considered a non-regenerative organ. In this nature, partial or total thyroidectomy is considered a curative treatment for compressive non-malignant goiter. While there is a potential regrowth from stimulating by pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), such growth is rarely significant and suppressive TSH therapy is currently indicated only for thyroid malignancy. We present an unusual case of rapid regrowth of normal thyroid tissue that expanded both of the lobes from a single unilateral remnant. Case: 58-year-old male with prior history of multinodular goiter status post subtotal thyroidectomy due to compressive symptoms in 2006 present to our clinic for follow up. Post-operatively, case was complicated with Iatrogenic Hypoparathyroidism thus on replacement of calcium and calcitriol. Follow up neck ultrasound (US), showed no thyroid gland with minimal residual tissue in the right fossa and pathology was benign. In 2011, patient complained of new onset globus sensation, and voice changes which initially concern for gastroenterology issue as the etiology. A neck US unexpectedly revealed normal right thyroid lobe of 5.7 cm without any tissue on the left and no nodule. FNA subsequently performed which was benign tissue. Due to high risk of complication for repeat surgery, annual US was planned for monitoring. In 2013 there was a significant new growth of left thyroid of 1.7 cm in size, no nodules. A repeat US six months later revealed an increase in size in the right from 5.7 to 6.1 cm as well as 1.7 to 2.1cm on the left. Patient denied any compressive symptoms, so we continue with neck US surveillance. By 2020, the right lobe was 6.4 cm and left lobe at 2.4 cm. Within both lobes, now multiple nodules start appearing. FNA were performed on several of those nodules with a benign cytopathology in all of them. Of note, other than regrowth of his thyroid, it is also physiologically functional as patient is euthyroid without levothyroxine replacement since 2013. Discussion: When patient underwent thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter, thyroid function test is the only routine test for follow up without additional further images. While it is considered a curative treatment, some regeneration or recurrence is still a possibility which is shown in our case. This is one of the few cases in the literature that we could found about normal thyroid tissue regrowth. It is still unclear how the mechanism for this phenomenon occurs. Further studies may need to be pursued with regards to suppressive TSH therapy or even radioactive iodine ablation for benign goiter that have regrowth potential. It is crucial that physicians become aware of such occurrence may happen since new thyroid nodules can also develop in the new thyroid tissue and fine needle aspiration should be performed accordingly.

Download Full-text

Visualization of Suppressed Normal Thyroid Tissue by Thallium-201 in Patients with Toxic Nodular Goiter

Clinical Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.1097/00003072-198804000-00013 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 283-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

YASUHIRO IIDA ◽

KANJI KASAGI ◽

TAKASHI MISAKI ◽

KEISUKE ARAI ◽

YASUTAKA TOKUDA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Thallium 201 ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Toxic Nodular Goiter

Download Full-text

Proteomic Profiling of Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma

Journal of Thyroid Research ◽

10.1155/2012/815079 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yoshiyuki Ban ◽

Gou Yamamoto ◽

Michiya Takada ◽

Shigeo Hayashi ◽

Yoshio Ban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Tandem Mass ◽

Papillary Thyroid ◽

Proteomic Profiling ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Papillary ◽

The One

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. We performed shotgun liquid chromatography (LC)/tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis on pooled protein extracts from patients with PTC and compared the results with those from normal thyroid tissue validated by real-time (RT) PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We detected 524 types of protein in PTC and 432 in normal thyroid gland. Among these proteins, 145 were specific to PTC and 53 were specific to normal thyroid gland. We have also identified two important new markers, nephronectin (NPNT) and malectin (MLEC). Reproducibility was confirmed with several known markers, but the one of two new candidate markers such as MLEC did not show large variations in expression levels. Furthermore, IHC confirmed the overexpression of both those markers in PTCs compared with normal surrounding tissues. Our protein data suggest that NPNT and MLEC could be a characteristic marker for PTC.

Download Full-text

The CCK2-receptor is expressed in human medullary thyroid carcinomas as well as in normal thyroid tissue

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(01)82515-4 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 120 (5) ◽

pp. A507-A507

Author(s):

M BLAEKER ◽

A WEERTH ◽

L JONAS ◽

M TOMETTEN ◽

M SCHUTZ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Medullary Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Carcinomas ◽

Cck2 Receptor ◽

Medullary Thyroid Carcinomas

Download Full-text

Detection of parathyroid adenomas with 4DCT: Towards a true four-dimensional technique

10.21203/rs.3.rs-237831/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Steven Raeymaeckers ◽

Yannick De Brucker ◽

Tim Vanderhasselt ◽

Nico Buls ◽

Johan De Mey

Keyword(s):

Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Motion Artifacts ◽

P Value ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Dose Length Product ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Parathyroid Adenomas ◽

Parathyroid Lesions ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background. 4DCT is a commonly performed examination in the management of primary hyperparathyroidism, combining three-dimensional imaging with enhancement over time as the fourth dimension. We propose a novel technique consisting of 16 different contrast phases, instead of three or four different phases. The main aim of this study was to see if this protocol allows for the detection of parathyroid adenomas within dose limits. Our secondary aim was examining the enhancement of parathyroid lesions over time.Methods. For this prospective study, we included 15 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism prior to surgery. We obtain a 4DCT with 16 different phases: an unenhanced phase followed by 11 consecutive arterial phases and 4 venous phases. Centered on the thyroid, continuous axial scanning is performed over a fixed 8cm or 16cm coverage volume after start of contrast administration.Results. In all patients an enlarged parathyroid can be demonstrated, mean lesion size is 13.6mm. Mean peak arterial peak enhancement for parathyroid lesions is 384 HU compared to 333 HU for the normal thyroid. No statistical difference could be found. Time to peak (TTP) is significantly earlier for parathyroid adenomas compared to normal thyroid tissue: 30.8s versus 32.3s (p value 0.008). Mean Slope of Increase (MSI) of the enhancement curve is significantly steeper compared to normal thyroid tissue: 29.8% versus 22.2% (p value 0.012). Mean dose length product was 890.7 mGy.cm with a calculated effective dose of 6.7 mSv.Conclusion. We propose a feasible 4DCT scanning-protocol for the detection of parathyroid adenomas. We manage to obtain a multitude of phases, allowing for a dynamic evaluation within an acceptable exposure range when compared to classic helical 4DCT. Our 4DCT protocol may allow for a better visualization of the pattern of enhancement of parathyroid lesions, as enhancement over time curves can be drawn. This way wash-in and wash-out of contrast in suspected lesions can be readily demonstrated. Motion artifacts are less problematic as multiple phases are available.

Download Full-text

Steroid receptor coactivator-1 interacts with NF-κB to increase VEGFC levels in human thyroid cancer

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20180394 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bo Gao ◽

Lingji Guo ◽

Donglin Luo ◽

Yan Jiang ◽

Jianjie Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Steroid Receptor ◽

Human Thyroid ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Steroid Receptor Coactivator ◽

Lymphatic Metastases ◽

Factor C

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, and has a high incidence of lymphatic metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) is essential for development of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic metastases during carcinogenesis. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) interacts with nuclear receptors and transcription factors to promote tumor proliferation and metastasis. However, the correlation between SRC-1 and VEGFC levels in the lymphatic metastases of thyroid cancer remains unclear. We analyzed 20-paired specimens of thyroid cancer tissue and normal thyroid tissue and found increased levels of SRC-1 and VEGFC proteins in 13/20 and 15/20 thyroid cancer specimens, respectively, when compared with those levels in specimens of normal thyroid tissue. A high level of SRC-1 expression was positively correlated with VEGFC and lymphatic endothelial cell marker LYVE-1 expression. Papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line TPC-1 displayed high levels of SRC-1 and VEGFC expression and was selected for stable knockdown of SRC-1 in vitro. Inhibition of SRC-1 significantly reduced the VEGFC levels in TPC-1 cells. We found that SRC-1 binds to transcription factor NF-kB (p50/p65), and that this coactivation complex directly promoted VEGFC transcription, which could be abrogated by SRC-1 knockdown. Up-regulated NF-kB signaling was also confirmed in thyroid cancer tissues. In vivo studies showed that SRC-1 knockdown restricted tumor growth, reduced the numbers of LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels, and decreased the levels of VEGFC in tumor tissues. These results suggest a tumorigenic role for SRC-1 in thyroid cancer via its ability to regulate VEGFC expression.

Download Full-text

A CLINICAL STUDY OF SOLITARY THYROID NODULE

10.36106/ijar/1400684 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 15-16

Author(s):

U. Shiva ◽

M. Ramachandra

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Thyroid Gland ◽

Thyroid Nodule ◽

Total Population ◽

Nodular Goiter ◽

Systemic Approach ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Male Ratio ◽

Solitary Thyroid Nodule

A solitary thyroid nodule (STN) is dened as a palpable discreet swelling in an other wise normal thyroid gland. Found to affect 4-7% of total population with female to male ratio being 4:1. majority of STN are benign. Benign causes include colloid goiter. and dominant nodule of multi nodular goiter. Incidence of malignancies is around 5- 10%. A systemic approach is needed to evaluate and treat STN.

Download Full-text

CCP II : A Novel Calcitonin Carboxy Terminal Peptide is Expressed in Normal Thyroid Tissue

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ◽

10.1016/s0006-291x(05)90004-1 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 185 (1) ◽

pp. 330-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Cohen ◽

M.C. Delehaye ◽

S. Minvielle ◽

N. Segond ◽

J. Taboulet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid Tissue ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Carboxy Terminal

Download Full-text

Thyroglobulin Gene Mutations Producing Defective Intracellular Transport of Thyroglobulin Are Associated with Increased Thyroidal Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activity

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2006-1242 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 1451-1457 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Yasuhiko Kanou ◽

Akira Hishinuma ◽

Katsuhiko Tsunekawa ◽

Koji Seki ◽

Yutaka Mizuno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Gland ◽

Intracellular Transport ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Thyroid Tissue ◽

Compound Heterozygous ◽

Free T4 ◽

Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽

Normal Thyroid ◽

Thyroid Glands

Abstract Context: Most patients with defective synthesis and/or secretion of thyroglobulin (Tg) present relatively high serum free T3 (FT3) concentrations with disproportionately low free T4 (FT4) resulting in a high FT3/FT4 ratio. The mechanism of this change in FT3/FT4 ratio remains unknown. Objective: We hypothesize that increased type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) activity in the thyroid gland may explain the higher FT3/FT4 ratio that is frequently observed in patients with abnormal Tg synthesis. Design: We recently identified a compound heterozygous patient (patient A) with a Tg G2356R mutation and one previously described (C1245R) that is known to cause a defect in intracellular transport of Tg. In the current study, after determining the abnormality caused by G2356R, we measured D2 activity as well as its mRNA level in the thyroid gland. We also measured the thyroidal D2 activity in three patients with Tg transport defect and in normal thyroid tissue. Results: Morphological and biochemical analysis of the thyroid gland from patient A, complemented by a pulse-chase experiment, revealed that G2356R produces a defect in intracellular Tg transport. D2 activity but not type 1 deiodinase in thyroid glands of patients with abnormal Tg transport was significantly higher than in normal thyroid glands, whereas D2 mRNA level in patient A was comparable with that in normal thyroid glands. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between D2 activity and FT3/FT4 ratios. Conclusion: Increased thyroidal D2 activity in the thyroid gland is responsible for the higher FT3/FT4 ratios in patients with defective intracellular Tg transport.

Download Full-text