scholarly journals Effect of Training at Altitude

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
Pak Kwong CHUNG
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Lower Pressure ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
Physiologic Responses

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.In 1968, when the Summer Olympic Games were scheduled to be held in Mexico City, at an altitude of 2,300 meters above sea level, considerable attention was directed at the questions of how altitude would affect exercise performance. During the preparation for the Mexico City Olympics, many concerns existed about the possible beneficial effects of the lower pressure and air resistance at the altitude for events involving speed and power; and the possible detrimental effects of the reduced oxygen at the altitude for the endurance events. What are the acute physiologic responses to altitude? Can altitude training improve endurance performance at sea level? All such questions would be explored in this article.

A Clinician Guide to Altitude Training for Optimal Endurance Exercise Performance at Sea Level

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Constantini ◽  
Daniel P. Wilhite ◽  
Robert F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Altitude Training

scholarly journals Lactobacillus salivarius Subspecies salicinius SA-03 is a New Probiotic Capable of Enhancing Exercise Performance and Decreasing Fatigue

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mon-Chien Lee ◽  
Yi-Ju Hsu ◽  
Hsieh-Hsun Ho ◽  
Shih-Hung Hsieh ◽  
Yi-Wei Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Natural Flora ◽  
Improve Exercise Performance ◽  
Exercise Fatigue

Probiotics are increasingly being used as a nutritional supplement by athletes to improve exercise performance and reduce post-exercise fatigue. Lactobacillus salivarius is a natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Lactobacillus salivarius subspecies salicinius (SA-03) is an isolate from the 2008 Olympic women’s 48 kg weightlifting gold medalist’s gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated its beneficial effects on physical fitness. Male ICR mice were divided into four groups (n = 10 per group) and orally administered with SA-03 for 4 weeks at 0, 2.05 × 109, 4.10 × 109, or 1.03 × 1010 CFU/kg/day. Results showed that 4 weeks of SA-03 supplementation significantly improved muscle strength and endurance performance, increased hepatic and muscular glycogen storage, and decreased lactate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), ammonia, and creatine kinase (CK) levels after exercise. These observations suggest that SA-03 could be used as a nutritional supplement to enhance exercise performance and reduce.

“Living high-training low” altitude training improves sea level performance in male and female elite runners

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1113-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Stray-Gundersen ◽  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Moderate Altitude ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Intensity Training ◽  
Elite Runners

Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high-training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in accomplished, but not elite, runners. Whether elite athletes, who may be closer to the maximal structural and functional adaptive capacity of the respiratory (i.e., oxygen transport from environment to mitochondria) system, may achieve similar performance gains is unclear. To answer this question, we studied 14 elite men and 8 elite women before and after 27 days of living at 2,500 m while performing high-intensity training at 1,250 m. The altitude sojourn began 1 wk after the USA Track and Field National Championships, when the athletes were close to their season's fitness peak. Sea level 3,000-m time trial performance was significantly improved by 1.1% (95% confidence limits 0.3–1.9%). One-third of the athletes achieved personal best times for the distance after the altitude training camp. The improvement in running performance was accompanied by a 3% improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (72.1 ± 1.5 to 74.4 ± 1.5 ml · kg−1· min−1). Circulating erythropoietin levels were near double initial sea level values 20 h after ascent (8.5 ± 0.5 to 16.2 ± 1.0 IU/ml). Soluble transferrin receptor levels were significantly elevated on the 19th day at altitude, confirming a stimulation of erythropoiesis (2.1 ± 0.7 to 2.5 ± 0.6 μg/ml). Hb concentration measured at sea level increased 1 g/dl over the course of the camp (13.3 ± 0.2 to 14.3 ± 0.2 g/dl). We conclude that 4 wk of acclimatization to moderate altitude, accompanied by high-intensity training at low altitude, improves sea level endurance performance even in elite runners. Both the mechanism and magnitude of the effect appear similar to that observed in less accomplished runners, even for athletes who may have achieved near maximal oxygen transport capacity for humans.

Heat Versus Altitude Training for Endurance Performance at Sea Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Marissa N. Baranauskas ◽  
Keren Constantini ◽  
Hunter L. Paris ◽  
Chad C. Wiggins ◽  
Zachary J. Schlader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Altitude Training

Altitude Training in Elite Swimmers for Sea Level Performance (Altitude Project)

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1965-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERRAN A. RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
XAVIER IGLESIAS ◽  
BELÉN FERICHE ◽  
CARMEN CALDERÓN-SOTO ◽  
DIEGO CHAVERRI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Level Performance

Individual variation in response to altitude training

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1448-1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
James Stray-Gundersen ◽  
Benjamin D. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Moderate Altitude ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Red Cell Volume ◽  
The Individual

Moderate-altitude living (2,500 m), combined with low-altitude training (1,250 m) (i.e., live high-train low), results in a significantly greater improvement in maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) and performance over equivalent sea-level training. Although the mean improvement in group response with this “high-low” training model is clear, the individual response displays a wide variability. To determine the factors that contribute to this variability, 39 collegiate runners (27 men, 12 women) were retrospectively divided into responders ( n = 17) and nonresponders ( n = 15) to altitude training on the basis of the change in sea-level 5,000-m run time determined before and after 28 days of living at moderate altitude and training at either low or moderate altitude. In addition, 22 elite runners were examined prospectively to confirm the significance of these factors in a separate population. In the retrospective analysis, responders displayed a significantly larger increase in erythropoietin (Epo) concentration after 30 h at altitude compared with nonresponders. After 14 days at altitude, Epo was still elevated in responders but was not significantly different from sea-level values in nonresponders. The Epo response led to a significant increase in total red cell volume andV˙o 2 max in responders; in contrast, nonresponders did not show a difference in total red cell volume or V˙o 2 maxafter altitude training. Nonresponders demonstrated a significant slowing of interval-training velocity at altitude and thus achieved a smaller O2 consumption during those intervals, compared with responders. The acute increases in Epo and V˙o 2 maxwere significantly higher in the prospective cohort of responders, compared with nonresponders, to altitude training. In conclusion, after a 28-day altitude training camp, a significant improvement in 5,000-m run performance is, in part, dependent on 1) living at a high enough altitude to achieve a large acute increase in Epo, sufficient to increase the total red cell volume andV˙o 2 max, and 2) training at a low enough altitude to maintain interval training velocity and O2 flux near sea-level values.

scholarly journals Acute Exposure to Normobaric Hypoxia Impairs Balance Performance in Sub-elite but Not Elite Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haris Pojskić ◽  
Helen G. Hanstock ◽  
Tsz-Hin Tang ◽  
Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Normobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Acute Exposure ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Elite Group ◽  
Over Time

Although high and simulated altitude training has become an increasingly popular training method, no study has investigated the influence of acute hypoxic exposure on balance in team-sport athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia is detrimental to balance performance in highly-trained basketball players. Nine elite and nine sub-elite male basketball players participated in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over study. Subjects performed repeated trials of a single-leg balance test (SLBT) in an altitude chamber in normoxia (NOR; approximately sea level) with FiO2 20.9% and PiO2 ranging from 146.7 to 150.4 mmHg and in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; ~3,800 m above sea level) with FiO2 13.0% and PiO2 ranging from 90.9 to 94.6 mmHg. The SLBT was performed three times: 15 min after entering the environmental chamber in NOR or HYP, then two times more interspersed by 3-min rest. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at four time points: after the initial 15-min rest inside the chamber and immediately after each SLBT. Across the cohort, the balance performance was 7.1% better during NOR than HYP (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.58). However, the performance of the elite group was not impaired by HYP, whereas the sub-elite group performed worse in the HYP condition on both legs (DL: P = 0.02, d = 1.23; NDL: P = 0.01, d = 1.43). SpO2 was lower in HYP than NOR (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.99) with a significant decline over time during HYP. HR was higher in HYP than NOR (P = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.25) with a significant increase over time. Acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia detrimentally affected the balance performance in sub-elite but not elite basketball players.

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