Perniagaan Bahari Sriwijaya Pada Masa Dinasti Song

This paper is a study of the book Chu-fan-chi compiled by Chau Ju-Kua (Zhao Rugua) from 1208 to 1224 or when he was an official at the customs office (Shi-po-shi) of Quanzhou Port. Chu-fan-chi can be considered as documentation of the Trans-Asian maritime trade during the time of the Buddhist Cosmopolis. This period was an era that formed an Asia Civilization with the establishment of economic, political, cultural, and scientific cooperation that grew along with the development of Hindu-Buddhist Religion in the Sino-Indian region since the 7th century. This paper wants to provide an overview of how the conditions of trade routes and activities in Sriwijaya in the 10th to 13th centuries, which is the information from Chau Ju-Kua that describe the dynamic relationship between Sriwijaya and the Song Dynasty in the formation of maritime history and the spice trade in the archipelago. This study also aims to re-examine the bilateral relationship between China and Srivijaya during the heyday of the Buddhist Cosmopolitan period. This study is expected to redevelop historiographic studies of the Buddhist Cosmopolitan period. This study was compiled by collecting data from various historical and archaeological records and works that have been compiled in various secondary sources, especially from the records of Sinology scholars who have studied relics in the form of government reports, travel records, documentation, and journals originating from the Song Dynasty. According to a Chau Ju-Kua, Sriwijaya not just only sought to profit from the hectic trade traffic that crossed the Natuna Sea, Karimata Strait, Malacca Strait, and Sunda Straits, but Sriwijaya was also able to maintain the security and continuity of Trans-Asian trade traffic at that time.

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An Economic Cycle in Imperial China? Revisiting Robert Hartwell on Iron and Coal

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient ◽

10.1163/156852007783244963 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 398-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tim Wright

Keyword(s):

Song Dynasty ◽

Iron Production ◽

Chinese History ◽

Global History ◽

Economic Cycle ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

The Song Dynasty ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Imperial China ◽

Per Capita

AbstractRobert Hartwell's article published in 1967 in this journal has had an extensive influence in both Chinese and global history. The present article reviews the reception and use made of Hartwell's arguments by secondary sources over the last forty years. It focuses on three aspects: the Song economic revolution; Hartwell's quantitative estimate for iron production; and Hartwell's proposition that coal and iron production and consumption peaked in the Song dynasty, at least on a per capita basis. It argues that a consistent set of estimates are needed for coal and iron development over the last thousand years of imperial Chinese history. En 1967 Robert Hartwell publia un article dans ce journal qui a fortement influencé l'historiographie chinoise et mondiale. Cette contribution passe en revue l'acceptation et l'utilisation des arguments de Hartwell qu'on trouve dans les sources secondaires parues depuis quarante ans. Elle traite surtout de trois aspects de sa thèse, la révolution économique sous les Song; l'estimation quantitative de la production de fer, et la proposition qui veut que la production et la consommation du charbon et du fer par tête furent maximales sous la dynastie Song. La contribution témoigne de la nécessité de disposer d'une série cohérente d'estimations traitant du développement du charbon et du fer durant le dernier millénium de l'histoire de la Chine impériale.

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Alexis de Tocqueville and Three Revolutions: France (1789–), Japan (1867–), China (1911–)

International Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s1479591420000236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 163-181

Author(s):

Hiroshi Watanabe ◽

Linus Recht

Keyword(s):

French Revolution ◽

Song Dynasty ◽

Tenth Century ◽

The Other ◽

Chinese Society ◽

Alexis De Tocqueville ◽

Chinese Revolution ◽

The Song Dynasty ◽

Form Of Government ◽

Theory Of Democracy

This essay is an attempt to think through the three revolutions, using Tocqueville's theory of “democracy” as a key. For Tocqueville, democracy is a society with “the equality of conditions” – in other words, a society that has no hereditary status system. In this sense, Chinese society since the Song Dynasty has been “democracy” as Tocqueville himself pointed out repeatedly. In his understanding, contemporary China was a “democratic society” and its form of government was highly centralized “despotism”; in sum, it was “democratic despotism.” Tocqueville was warning against the possible Sinification of America and Europe. Moreover, he thinks what the French Revolution brought about were mainly “the equality of conditions” and the establishment of centralized state power. The Meiji Revolution also realized these two things because it had not been “democratic” and the polity had been federal. On the other hand, in China, both had been actualized since the tenth century. Therefore, the Chinese Revolution which ended up with the establishment of the communist rule is very different from the other two revolutions.

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