Studies in Canarium urceus (Linnaeus, 1758) Part 6: A new Canarium species from the Andaman Sea (Gastropoda: Strombidae) and discussion on related species

This part of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus-complex (Linnaeus, 1758) review after Abbott’s revision (Abbott, 1960) revision examines material from the Andaman Sea. At present, material from that region has been synonymised under the name Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linnaeus, 1758). Canarium (Canarium) andamanense new species is known from the Andamanian Subprovince, a semi enclosed basin that is centered on the Andaman Sea and enclosed by the west coasts of Myanmar and Thailand and the Mergui Archipelago in the east, to the northern Malacca Strait in the south, and to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the west. This species is recognized and differentiated by solid, sturdy shells with a triangular body whorl, large knobs on the shoulder and bright orange aperture. This study further confirms that there is a high degree of bioregionalisation within the Canarium complex.

Mangrove Ecosystem Biodiversity in Malacca Strait and Its Economic Values to Local Community: A Case Study in Riau Coastline

The mangrove ecosystem holds a lot of potentials to be utilized by local communities in the Riau Coastline. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess the biodiversity of flora and fauna in the Riau Coastline mangrove ecosystem and its impacts on local communities. The transect was performed to identify soil conditions, distribution, and the dominance of flora species, while field observations and interviews with residents were conducted to determine the presence of fauna and discover the ecosystem’s benefit to the local community's economy. Based on the results, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata has the highest relative dominance (RDC) and important value index in all observed stations. On the other hand, the fish/water biota species has the highest diversity and have economic that mostly serve as a catch for local fishermen. Ecotourism is also encouraged to boost the community's economy and aid ecological learning for sustainability purposes. The mangrove ecosystem's existence remains sustainable because fisheries are the main commodity, however, logging is less desirable as a source of income.

Perniagaan Bahari Sriwijaya Pada Masa Dinasti Song

This paper is a study of the book Chu-fan-chi compiled by Chau Ju-Kua (Zhao Rugua) from 1208 to 1224 or when he was an official at the customs office (Shi-po-shi) of Quanzhou Port. Chu-fan-chi can be considered as documentation of the Trans-Asian maritime trade during the time of the Buddhist Cosmopolis. This period was an era that formed an Asia Civilization with the establishment of economic, political, cultural, and scientific cooperation that grew along with the development of Hindu-Buddhist Religion in the Sino-Indian region since the 7th century. This paper wants to provide an overview of how the conditions of trade routes and activities in Sriwijaya in the 10th to 13th centuries, which is the information from Chau Ju-Kua that describe the dynamic relationship between Sriwijaya and the Song Dynasty in the formation of maritime history and the spice trade in the archipelago. This study also aims to re-examine the bilateral relationship between China and Srivijaya during the heyday of the Buddhist Cosmopolitan period. This study is expected to redevelop historiographic studies of the Buddhist Cosmopolitan period. This study was compiled by collecting data from various historical and archaeological records and works that have been compiled in various secondary sources, especially from the records of Sinology scholars who have studied relics in the form of government reports, travel records, documentation, and journals originating from the Song Dynasty. According to a Chau Ju-Kua, Sriwijaya not just only sought to profit from the hectic trade traffic that crossed the Natuna Sea, Karimata Strait, Malacca Strait, and Sunda Straits, but Sriwijaya was also able to maintain the security and continuity of Trans-Asian trade traffic at that time.

MARITIME TRADE IN MAKASSAR IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURY

This study aimed to describe the maritime trade in the half of XVI and XVII centuries. The method used was the historical method, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Based on the study, it was found that Makassar traders played a central role in the archipelago maritime trade. The fall of Malacca Strait made Makassar as a new trading port that allowed the Makassar traders in a higher mobility. Makassar got a significant change as a trading center in the XVI century, previously in the XV century before becoming a trading center. Makassar traders established trade relations with foreign traders from Europe, China, India, and Arabic. The commodities traded were spices, textiles, and porcelain. The free trade policy at Makassar Port was a determining factor for the success of Makassar in attracting foreign traders to do their trading activities at Makassar Port.

An updated checklist of marine copepoda from Peninsular Malaysia with notes on their functional traits and distributional records

An up-to-date checklist of marine zooplankton copepods from the water of Peninsular Malaysia is presented, there are 235 species of copepods which consists of 89 genera and 44 families. Extensive list of bibliographical references with synonymy, detailed information on their functional groups, and distributional data are provided for each species. The checklist is based on taxonomic and ecological literature until 28 May 2020. Calanoida recorded the most diverse order with 101 species in total, followed by Harpacticoida with 70 species and 61 species from Cyclopoida. As for Canuelloida, Monstrilloida and Siphonostomatoida all recorded with 1 species respectively. There are 192 species of copepod recorded along the west coast (Malacca Strait) and 123 species on the east coast (South China Sea). Endemicity at species level attains 1% for the whole Peninsular Malaysian coast, with 2 genera restricted to the east coast (Kensakia parva and Brachiella malayensis) and one genus to the west coast (Labidocera jaafari). There are six dominant species that can be found along the coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Acartia erythraea, Acartia pacifica, Bestiolina similis, Euterpina acutifrons, Microsetella norvegica, Paracalanus aculeatus, Oithona nana, Oithona simplex and Temora discaudata).

Comparative Phylogeography and Phylogeny of Pennah Croakers (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) in Southeast Asian Waters

A broad-scale comparative phylogeographic and phylogenetic study of pennah croakers, mainly Pennahia anea, P. macrocephalus, and P. ovata was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms that may have driven the diversification of marine organisms in Southeast Asian waters. A total of 316 individuals from the three species, and an additional eight and six individuals of P. argentata and P. pawak were employed in this study. Two genetically divergent lineages each of P. argentata and P. anea (lineages L1 and L2) were respectively detected from the analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene data. Historical biogeography analysis with a multi-gene dataset revealed that Pennahia species most likely originated in the South China Sea and expanded into the eastern Indian Ocean, East China Sea, and northwestern Pacific Ocean through three separate range expansions. The main diversifications of Pennahia species occurred during Miocene and Pliocene periods, and the occurrences of lineage divergences within P. anea and P. argentata were during the Pleistocene, likely as a consequence of cyclical glaciations. The population expansions that occurred after the sea level rise might be the reason for the population homogeneity observed in P. macrocephalus and most P. anea L2 South China Sea populations. The structure observed between the two populations of P. ovata, and the restricted distributions of P. anea lineage L1 and P. ovata in the eastern Indian Ocean, might have been hampered by the northward flowing ocean current at the Malacca Strait and by the distribution of coral reefs or rocky bottoms. While our results support S. Ekman’s center-of-origin hypothesis taking place in the South China Sea, the Malacca Strait serving as the center of overlap is a supplementary postulation for explaining the present-day high diversity of pennah croakers centered in these waters.

REGULATING COMPENSATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF TRADITIONAL FISHERMEN AFFECTED BY POLLUTION IN INDONESIA

Indonesia is known as a maritime state which is associated with marine and fisheries activities. The existence of a harbor, such as the Port of Belawan in Medan City, often causes conflicts in the issue of marine fisheries, especially related to sea pollution. This article investigates the implementation of compensation when traditional fishermen are affected by environmental pollution, especially tankers, its opportunities and challenges in the Indonesian legal context. This study employed a normative and empirical approach, covering the study sites of North Sumatra and Riau Islands Province, which share the border with the Malacca Strait. To date, there are no rules regarding compensation for fishermen, however, there are some embryonic mode such as the existence of experienced human resources from the Environmental Agency of Riau Islands Province in the implementation of compensation for traditional fishermen affected by pollution of the marine environment. This study encourages the local government (i.e., the provincial government) to give more attention related to the compensation for traditional fishermen who are affected by pollution of the marine environment in the form of Regional Regulations or other policies.

The Bottom Surface Sediment Transport Changes in Bathymetry in the Rupat Strait, Riau Province, Indonesia

The Rupat Strait is located at the eastern coast of Sumatera Island, Riau Province,Indonesia, under the influence of the current system flowing from the Malacca Strait into the Strait.The primary purpose of this study is to identify the topographyof Rupat Strait prevailed by bathymetry changes, which was analyzed using oceanographic and satellite images.This study was conducted in the Rupat Strait in July 2018 through two steps of research: 1) oceanographic observation; 2) bathymetry measurement.The study of oceanographic observation was carried out along the coastal areas of Dumai City and Rupat Island. The depth of Rupat Strait (bathymetry) was measured using an echosounder at 60 stations in July 2018. The changes in the depth of the Strait were analyzed by comparing data between depth in 1990 by satellite images and the depth in 2018 by the measurement. The results of study indicate that dominantly, the depth of the Strait has increased by 1.5-2.7 meters for 28 years. The depth of the Rupat Strait, based on the interpretation of the satellite image data of MIKE C-MAP (1990) ranges from 0.9 to 29.4 meters, and of the measurement in 2018, ranging from 2.4 to 32.1 meters.The dominant factor causing the changes are the current system flowing from the Malacca Strait through the Strait during high and low tides, and the surface bottom sediments are transported out the Strait by the current, including the bottom current.

Numerical models of hydrodynamics and marine debris in the Malacca Strait

The Malacca Strait is a very strategic world trade route and the potential for environmental pollution is also very large, especially pollution from ship and people activities. This study aims to perform numerical simulations to determine the movement of marine debris particles around the waters of Rupat Island, Malacca Strait. The modelling was carried out from June to December 2020 using a modelling application with the basic principles of mesh discretization and the Lagrangian method. The results showed maximum current velocity during the simulation around the distribution area of debris is a maximum of 0.92 m/s. Marine debris around the waters of Rupat Island, the Malacca Strait has the potential to be stranded on the mainland of Rupat Island, mainland Riau, Bengkalis Island and also mainland Malaysia.