scholarly journals NEW INSIGHTS CONCERNING IDENTIFICATION, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS IN THE NETHERLANDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 149-167
Author(s):  
Norbertus Cornelis Maria MAES ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Indigenous Trees ◽  
Ancient Woodlands ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Lower Rhine

In densely populated European countries like the Netherlands, old landscape elements such as ancient woodlands and ancient hedges are today rare. Owing to the introduction of exotic species and indigenous trees and shrubs imported from other climate zones, recognition of truly wild, i.e. autochthonous, individuals and populations is now problematical, posing challenges for forest management agencies, particularly at Natura 2000 sites. The author has developed a method for recognising genetically pure wild woody species, based on characteristics of the plant itself and those of the growing site. With this method, explained here, around 70% of the Netherlands has been surveyed, along with much of Flanders and part of the lower Rhine region of Germany. The results are illustrated with reference to two Dutch ancient woodlands, where new insights were obtained in terms of native status of the woody species and the ‘authenticity’ of the tree and shrub layer.

scholarly journals Use of waste material in cultivation substrates

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Petr Salaš
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Special Soil

Gardeners' practical experience and experimental work prove the affirmation that the used substrate is a very important base for the production of quality nursery products. It is important to emphasis the complexity and synergy of all factors influencing the ecosystem and there mutual relations. Physical, chemical and biological properties do not separately affect the growth and development of plants. In addition, the relations are not statical but differ in relation with other factors changes. This article is dealing with the possibility to use waste material from timber processing in cultivation substrates. The large scale use of such substrates would enable people to reach a relative independence from peat substrates, of which the global reserve is gradually decreasing.Our research activities focus on the use of bark. The basic problems of a bark substrate are easy dehydration and unbalanced nutrition of trees and shrubs. The suggested and experimented cultivation technology solves these problems. It is based on the cultivation of woody species in bark substrates, using modern irrigation systems, slow release fertilisers (Silvamix Forte) and special soil conditioners (TerraCottem). This technology was tested on the following species of trees and shrubs:MalusandBuxus.

scholarly journals Leaf and Soil δ15N Patterns Along Elevational Gradients at Both Treelines and Shrublines in Three Different Climate Zones

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Wang ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Haiyan Ren ◽  
Fei-Hai Yu ◽  
Mai-He Li
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forests ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Biogeochemical Process ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Elevational Gradients ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Soil Δ15n

The natural abundance of stable nitrogen (N) isotope (δ15N) in plants and soils can reflect N cycling processes in ecosystems. However, we still do not fully understand patterns of plant and soil δ15N at alpine treelines and shrublines in different climate zones. We measured δ15N and N concentration in leaves of trees and shrubs and also in soils along elevational gradients from lower altitudes to the upper limits of treelines and shrublines in subtropical, dry- and wet-temperate regions in China. The patterns of leaf δ15N in trees and shrubs in response to altitude changes were consistent, with lower values occurring at higher altitude in all three climate zones, but such patterns did not exist for leaf Δδ15N and soil δ15N. Average δ15N values of leaves (−1.2‰) and soils (5.6‰) in the subtropical region were significantly higher than those in the two temperate regions (−3.4‰ and 3.2‰, respectively). Significant higher δ15N values in subtro4pical forest compared with temperate forests prove that N cycles are more open in warm regions. The different responses of leaf and soil δ15N to altitude indicate complex mechanisms of soil biogeochemical process and N sources uptake with environmental variations.

scholarly journals Agroforestry for ruminants: a review of trees and shrubs as fodder in silvopastoral temperate and tropical production systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Vandermeulen ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ramírez-Restrepo ◽  
Yves Beckers ◽  
Hugues Claessens ◽  
Jérôme Bindelle
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Airborne Pollutants ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Salix Spp ◽  
Feeding Systems

Among the oldest agroforestry systems, silvopastoralism uses shrubs and trees to feed ruminants. The practice is common in extensive livestock production systems, whereas the intensification of grass-based systems in the past century has led to the removal of woody species from agricultural temperate landscapes. In Europe however, woody species are promoted again on grasslands through environment-friendly policies due to the ecosystem services they provide such as carbon sequestration, control of soil erosion, limitation of airborne pollutants and biodiversity conservation. Positive effects of browse on rumen digestion and parasite control have also been documented across different plant species and regions. Under optimal conditions, feeding ruminants from woody fodder sustains animal production. Nonetheless, limitations can restrict the use of woody forage into animal diets, such as the presence of anti-nutritive and toxic compounds. The incorporation of this resource in ruminant feeding systems raises the question of the management of the interface between the plant and the animal. Various management systems are practiced. Temperate species such as Salix spp. and Populus spp. are fed to sheep and cattle in fodder blocks or by pruning trees in New Zealand, and Fraxinus spp. or Corylus avellana in hedgerows supply forage to livestock in Belgium, whereas Leucaena leucocepahala and Desmanthus spp. browsing is common in Australia. Nowadays, ensiling and pelleting techniques are being developed as a way to store browse forage. As the renewed interest in using shrubs and trees to feed ruminants is recent, especially in temperate regions, additional research about the optimal introduction of this resource within systems is needed.

Cost-effectiveness of managing Natura 2000 sites: an exploratory study for Finland, Germany, the Netherlands and Poland

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2053-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Wätzold ◽  
Melanie Mewes ◽  
Rob van Apeldoorn ◽  
Riku Varjopuro ◽  
Tadeusz Jan Chmielewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Natura 2000
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