scholarly journals Financing infrastructure in Asia through bonds and capital markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Shubhomoy Ray ◽  
Jyoti Bisbey
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Credit Rating ◽  
Market Liquidity ◽  
Project Finance ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Asset Class ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Export Credit Agencies ◽  
Financing Infrastructure

The project finance scenario has changed significantly around the world after the 2008 financial crisis and following the subsequent Basel III recommendations. Project finance loans from commercial banks and financial institutions have largely dried up, leaving it mostly to the export credit agencies and the bilateral and multilateral development banks to provide the institutional credit. Unfortunately, those sources are not enough, given the huge needs for construction of new infrastructure and renovation of the old ones across Asia, Africa and Latin America. The need for capital markets, through market listed financial products across asset class, unlocking a large part of domestic and corporate savings, has never been felt as strongly before. This article seeks to analyze the development story of various Asian capital markets and examine financial products, which have succeeded in their short history in receiving investor interest. The article also delves into the challenges to market development, policy imperatives and the issues relating to market liquidity and credit rating, which are the most significant influencers for public market float and investor interest.

3 Sources of Funding

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ransome Clive ◽  
Pridgeon Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Project Finance ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Bank Debt ◽  
Development Finance ◽  
Specific Project ◽  
Sources Of Capital

From the very beginning of the development process relating to any specific project, the project’s sponsors will continually assess and analyse the best available sources of capital for the project. The sponsors will seek to obtain funding at the lowest achievable cost; they will seek to minimize as far as practicable the sponsors’ equity contribution and will look to achieve the longest-possible debt tenors. This chapter discusses a variety of sources potentially available to sponsors pursuing a project finance funding plan. These sources include equity, equity bridge loans, subordinated shareholder debt, mezzanine debt, bank debt, Islamic project finance, capital markets, public sector lenders in project financings, export credit finance, multilateral agencies and development finance institutions, and leveraged and finance lease arrangements. The chapter concludes with an overview of the reasons for entering into, and a description of the role of, term sheets, letters of intent, commitment letters, and mandate letters.

9 Official Funding Sources: Export Credit Agencies and Multilateral Development Banks

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borisoff Alexander ◽  
Compton Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Project Finance ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Multilateral Development Banks ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Loan Guarantees ◽  
Development Banks ◽  
Export Credits ◽  
Risk Insurance ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

This chapter provides an overview of official funding sources available in the project finance arena, including from export credit agencies, multilateral development banks, and governmental and quasi-governmental entities. The forepart of the chapter describes export credit agencies and multilateral development banks generally, as well as hybrid-type official funding sources. The second part of the chapter explores the types of funding these entities provide, including loans, loan guarantees, political risk insurance, working capital facilities, equity investments, and bond guarantees. The chapter concludes by assessing regulatory regimes applicable to export credit agencies, including the voluntary OECD Consensus or Arrangement on Export Credits that seeks to promote transparency among export credit agencies, and other common issues and considerations to explore when seeking funding by way of such an official funding source.

3 Sources of Funding

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ransome Clive ◽  
Dunnett Geoffrey
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Project Finance ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Market Conditions ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Contractual Relationships ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

This chapter provides an overview of the various sources of funding, the cost of funding, access to the debt markets, and the considerations of key participants in current market conditions. As the project finance market evolves, new funders and funding techniques emerge. This chapter explores how contractual relationships between the equity participants and debt providers are structured and how risk is allocated between different types of funders. It discusses the role that sponsors, export credit agencies, multilateral agencies, development finance institutions, and commercial banks play in the project finance market. Finally, the chapter considers the role and use of letters of intent, term sheets, commitment letters, and mandate letters, and analyses the key documentation issues of relevance to the market participants.

Rajeev Pundir

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Rajeev Pundir
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Asset Class

Put not your trust in money, but put your money in trust.”A capital market can provide huge impetus to the development of any economy .so, it can be said that the growth and sustainability of capital markets plays an important role towards the development of the economy. It is being observed that huge fluctuations are happening in Indian capital market in recent past, but with the help of proper mechanism, which is being observed in India and after examining various risk factors involved in capital markets, we attempt to say that the growth which has been observed in Indian capital market in recent past is a realty, but not a myth. Right from the independence, thanks to steps initiated by the Indian government especially after the post liberalization era. A huge growth has been observed in the aspects of quality and quantity. Huge increase has been observed in the volumes of trade. We know that capital markets play a vital role in Indian economy, the growth of capital markets will be helpful in raising the per-capita income of the individuals, decrease the levels of un-employment, and thus reducing the number of people who lies below the poverty line. With the increasing awareness in the people they start investing in capital markets with long-term orientations, which would provide capital inflows to the sectors requiring financial assistance.“Hedge risk; make the derivatives market your investment option”Derivative is finally engineered instruments which derive its value from price of a specific asset. Value of Equity Derivatives is derived from share price of any company or share index. In India trading of two types of derivatives are permitted – Futures and Options. Derivatives trading desks face a growing number of challenges – more sophisticated derivative instruments, fiercer competition, and stricter risk reporting and compliance requirements. It is now common to trade options with multi-asset-class underlying instruments quoted in different currencies, such as an option offering the best return between a Brazilian bond and a U.S. stock index. Investor uses the derivatives as an edged sword. Derivatives instruments are like a mother’s womb that cares of her baby (Investor) from volatility in the market. In nutshell this study is an effort to analyze the trading mechanism which has been followed by the investors in current scenario.

scholarly journals Application and Comparative Study of Optimization Algorithms in Financial Investment Portfolio Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Chenglin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Asset Allocation ◽  
Optimization Algorithms ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Investment Portfolio ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Financial Portfolio

Portfolio theory mainly studies how to optimize the allocation of assets under the premise of maximizing expected returns and minimizing investment risks. In view of the instability of the financial market, a diversified investment portfolio can help control the loss of the investment portfolio. In addition to paying attention to the safety and return of asset allocation, we cannot ignore the liquidity of assets, that is, their liquidity. Adding high-liquidity products to asset allocation, such as equity investment, can better control the financial cash flow in response to emergencies. One of the ways to make assets flow is to securitize assets and sell them to the market. In order to revitalize the stock assets, good investment efficiency is a necessary choice for financial investment. Various financial products and their derivatives continue to enter people’s vision. There are many financial products in reality, and optimizing the investment portfolio can bring high economic benefits. The purpose of this paper is to study the application of optimization algorithms in financial portfolio problems. (1) Monetary policy remains prudent and neutral. It is not easy to expect flooding, but flexibility is required in complex situations. (2) Financial resources are tilted towards innovation and transformation and capital markets, which is beneficial to the development of capital markets in the medium and long term. (3) Unblocking the transmission mechanism is conducive to lenient credit and tapping the wrong killing opportunities in private enterprise debt. (4) Banks and other financial institutions have moderate pressure to give benefits to entities, but in the long run, the interests of the two are consistent. (5) Finance risk prevention will continue, orderly breaking the rigid exchange and reshaping the financial structure and ecology. (6) The pace of opening up of the financial industry has accelerated, and the bond market investor structure has improved. In this paper, we establish different optimization schemes to compare and study the portfolio problem and then use MATLAB to solve the modeling and programming problem, calculate the highest return rate and the lowest risk value before and after optimization, and then make a comparative analysis to get a better optimization scheme. The results show that the genetic algorithm model is superior to the quadratic programming method in terms of risk control. The minimum risk of portfolio optimization through genetic algorithm has been reduced by about 40%, and the maximum return has increased by about 25%. The comprehensive optimization effect is better than the quadratic planning method and ultimately can obtain higher economic benefits. It can be seen that the optimization algorithm is of great significance for the comparative study of financial portfolio problems.

scholarly journals Towards Net Zero export credit: current approaches and next steps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hale ◽  
Andreas Klasen ◽  
Norman Ebner ◽  
Bianca Krämer ◽  
Anastasia Kantzelis
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Export Credit ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Investment Portfolios ◽  
Export Credit Agencies

As the world economy rapidly decarbonises to meet global climate goals, the export credit sector must keep pace. Countries representing over two-thirds of global GDP have now set net zero targets, as have hundreds of private financial institutions. Public and private initiatives are now working to develop new standards and methodologies for shifting investment portfolios to decarbonisation pathways based on science. However, export credit agencies (ECAs) are only at the beginning stages of this seismic transformation. On the one hand, the net zero transition creates risks to existing business models and clients for the many ECAs, while on the other, it creates a significant opportunity for ECAs to refocus their support to help countries and trade partners meet their climate targets. ECAs can best take advantage of this transition, and minimise its risks, by setting net zero targets and adopting credible plans to decarbonise their portfolios. Collaboration across the sector can be a powerful tool for advancing this goal.

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