Use of phenol red thread tests to evaluate tear production in clinically normal Amazon parrots and comparison with Schirmer tear test findings

2009 ◽  
Vol 235 (10) ◽  
pp. 1181-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Storey ◽  
Deborah A. Carboni ◽  
Michael T. Kearney ◽  
Thomas N. Tully
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test

scholarly journals Evaluation of tear production in juvenile opossum using three different methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Arianne P. Oria ◽  
Ana C. Raposo ◽  
Nayone L.L.C. Araujo ◽  
João V. Romano ◽  
Emanoel F. Martins-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red ◽  
Ocular Diseases ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Didelphis Aurita ◽  
Didelphis Albiventris

ABSTRACT: The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 “and 5.22±2.92mm/15”, for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.

Effect of topical 0.5% timolol maleate on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in clinically normal horses

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-931
Author(s):  
Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽  
Amin Sabzevari ◽  
Ramin Hajikhani ◽  
Alexandra Trbolova
Keyword(s):  
Timolol Maleate ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test

scholarly journals Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
Samanta Nardi ◽  
Federico Puccini Leoni ◽  
Viola Monticelli ◽  
Valentina Virginia Ebani ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Normal Reference Range ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Chicken Breeds ◽  
Conjunctival Flora ◽  
Biometric Measurements

Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.

Evaluation of tear production using the Schirmer tear test I in healthy cats; effect of age, life stage, sex, breed and neuter status

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (26) ◽  
pp. 799-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Rajaei ◽  
Houman Faghihi ◽  
David Leonard Williams ◽  
Ghazal Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Effect Of Age

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the values of Schirmer tear test (STT) and determine effects of age, life stage, sex, breed and neuter status on tear production in healthy cats.MethodsThree hundred and forty-three domestic shorthair (DSH) and Persian cats, 50 days through 18 years old, were examined in this study. STT I was used to measure tear production in both eyes of each cat.ResultsA mean STT 14.9±4.8 mm/min was calculated for the eyes of all cats. There was a significant difference between STT values in kittens (≤6 months old) and cats of other age groups (P<0.001). A substantial number of cats with clinically normal eyes had STT values less than 10 mm/min. No significant difference was found between males (14.7±5.0 mm/min) and females (15.1±4.5 mm/min) in STT values (P=0.46). Significant differences were found between entire (14.4±4.2 mm/min) and neutered (16.2±4.1 mm/min) cats (P=0.001), and between STT values of DSH (14.6±5.0 mm/min) and Persian (16.5±3.1 mm/min) cats in the study population (P=0.001).ConclusionsThis study documents the average STT values for a sizeable feline population demonstrating that, in contradistinction to the situation in dogs, a number of cats with clinically normal eyes have STT values below 10 mm/min.

Effects of two concentrations of topical tropicamide on the Schirmer tear test in clinically normal cats

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽  
Reza Javadzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
Keyword(s):  
Distilled Water ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Production Measurement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ophthalmic Solutions

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical tropicamide at two concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) on the Schirmer tear test (STT) results in clinically normal cats. Methods Twenty-four adult domestic shorthair cats were randomly assigned to three groups. In all three groups, ophthalmic solutions were instilled in a randomly selected eye and the opposite eye served as the control. In groups 1, 2 and 3 one drop of 0.5% tropicamide, 1.0% tropicamide and distilled water was used, respectively. Tear production in both eyes was tested 30 and 60 mins after instillation in all three groups. Results Baseline mean ± SEM STT values for the treated eyes in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 13.37 ± 2.91 mm/min, 10.87 ± 1.39 mm/min and 11.37 ± 1.65 mm/min, respectively. Thirty minutes after the drug instillation in the treated eye, mean ± SEM STT values in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 4.87 ± 3.05 mm/min, 2.00 ± 0.84 mm/min and 11.25 ± 1.81 mm/min, respectively. The mean ± SEM STT levels of the treated eye after 60 mins were 3.75 ± 1.87 mm/min, 0.5 ± 0.37 mm/min and 11.42 ± 1.78 mm/min in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusions and relevance Use of 0.5% topical tropicamide, instead of 1.0% tropicamide, as a mydriatic agent, can be recommended in cats. Tear production measurement should be performed prior to the administration of tropicamide, regardless of the concentration of this drug.

Effect of acepromazine or xylazine on tear production as measured by Schirmer tear test in normal cats

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽  
Abdolali Malmasi ◽  
Saied Bokaie
Keyword(s):  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test

Reference values for intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test in clinically normal Sanjabi sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 97 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 101-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽  
Mohammad Shojaei ◽  
Amin Sabzevari ◽  
Nargess Khorami
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test

scholarly journals Evaluation of tear production with modified Schirmer tear test-1 during the neonatal period in cats

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.F. Conceição ◽  
A.P. Ribeiro ◽  
M.L.M. Torres ◽  
M.L.G. Lourenço ◽  
J.L. Laus
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Tear Secretion ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Maturity Parameters ◽  
Time Point

The study aimed to evaluate tear production by means of modified Schirmer tear tes-1 (mSTT-1) in neonate cats. Likewise, correlation between mSTT-1 and STT-1 was assessed in vitro. Standard SST strips were cut in half and after eye lid opening, tear production of neonates (n=15) was daily measured in both eyes (mSTT-1), until the 7th day, and at day 14, 21, and 28. Animals were daily weighted until 28 days of age. Results were compared statistically (P<0.05). During the first 7 days, the overall mSTT-1 mean was 0.76 wetting/minute. Significant differences between right and left eyes were not observed at any time point (P=1.00). Tear secretion increased significantly, from the 14th to 28th day, in comparison with 7 first days (P<0.05). Positive correlation between maturity parameters and tear secretion was observed (P<0.0001). Distance between slopes of each strip changed significantly (P<0.0001). It was concluded that tear secretion in the neonatal period of cats is very below the reference values described for young and adults of the same species. It is not possible to extrapolate results obtained with mSTT-1 to standard STT-1.

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